àoH«$`m`wº$ H$m§S>r Mmam

 ( amhþb X{gb{ )

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Xw^Ë`m OZmdam§Mr dmib{ë`m Mmè`mMr JaO ^mJodÊ`mV \$maer AS>MU `{V Zmhr. àíZ `{Vm{ Am{ë`m [m¡oï>H$ Mmè`mMm. Ë`mgmR>r ohaì`m [m¡oï>H$ Mmè`mda àoH«$`m H$ê$Z H$m§S>r Mmam
]ZdVm `{B©b.
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...... àmá [napñWVrV bhmZ e{VH$è`m§[mgyZ V{ _m{R>çm ]mJm`VXmam§[`ªV gdmªZmM e{Vrbm Om{S>Y§Xm åhUyZ ghOmghOr H$aVm `{Ê`mgma»`m Xw½Yì`dgm`mbm Xwgam [`m©` Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mU{ e{ir[mbZ, ]§oXñV e{ir[mbZ, _|T>r[mbZ h{ e{Vr[yaH$ ì`dgm`hr J«m_rU `wdH$m§M{ AmemñWmZ ]Zy [mhV Amh{.

H$m{UË`mhr [ew[mbZ ì`dgm`mV gdm©V _hÎdmMr ]m] åhUO{ OZmdam§Mm g_Vm{b Amhma. g_Vm{b Amhmam_Ü`{ IwamH$, Mmam AmoU ewÕ [mUr `m§Mm g_md{e AgVm{. `mVrb Mmam hm KQ>H$ AoVe` _hÎdmMm Amh{. OZmdam§À`m AmhmamV Mmè`mMm gw_ma{ 70 Q>¸{$ ^mJ AgVm{ AmoU [ew[mbZ ì`dgm`mVrb EHy$U IMm©À`m 65 V{ 70 Q>¸{$ IM©hr Mmè`mMmM AgVm{. Ë`m_wi{ Mmè`mM{ oZ`m{OZ hm{U{ JaO{M{ Amh{. [yU© dmT>b{ë`m Xw^Ë`m OZmdambm oXdgmbm 20 V{ 25 oH$bm{ Am{bm Mmam AmoU 5 V{ 6 oH$bm{ dmib{bm Mmam X{U{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. dmib{ë`m Mmè`mMr X¡Z§oXZ JaO e{VH$ar ga_mS>, H$S>]m, dmib{b{ JdV, ^yg, [|T>m dJ¡a|_m\©$V ^mJdVm{. ñdV•H$S>{ Zgë`mg odH$V AmUyZhr ^mJdVm{; [U Iar AS>MU `{V{ Vr Am{ë`m [m¡oï>H$ Mmè`mMr. ohaì`m Mmè`mMr JaO ^mJodÊ`mgmR>r oZ`o_V Mmam CË[mXZ H$aÊ`mMr VOdrO H$amdr bmJV{. `mgmR>r ]hþV{H$ e{VH$ar H$S>di, _H$m, bgyUKmg, g§H$naV Z{o[Aa (`ed§V JdV), Cg, ]agr_, Am{Q> BË`mXr o[H{$ K{VmV. Aem o[H$m§Mr oZ`m{OZ]Õ h§Jm_mZwgma [{aUr H$amdr bmJV{. `m gmR>r [wa{er o[H$mD$ O_rZ, ]ma_mhr [mÊ`mMr gm{`, h§Jm_mZwgma o[H$m§À`m [{aUrM{ kmZ, ododY Mmam-o[H$m§À`m gwYmnaV OmVtM{ kmZ dJ¡a{ Jm{ï>tMr _mohVr H$ê$Z K{U{ Amdí`H$ AgV{. [píM_ _hmamï­>mVrb e{VH$ar `m Ñï>rZ{ ]a{Mg{ OmJ¥V Amh{V. ]ma_mhr [mQ>[mÊ`mMr gwodYm Amh{. Ë`m_wi{M Xw½Yì`dgm` `m od^mJmV ]amM àJV Amh{. odX^©, _amR>dmS>m,H$m{H$U `m od^mJmVhr Xw½Yì`dgm`mH$S>{ bm{H$ AmH¥$ï> Pmb{ Amh{V. [a§Vw, df©^a [m¡oï>H$ ohadm Mmam [waodU{ e·` hm{V Zmhr. gmhoOH$M JmB©, åher, XyY H$_r X{VmV. XwYmV gmVË` ahmV Zmhr, Jwam§Mr Vã]{Vhr ImbmdV{. [naUm_r hm ì`dgm` åhUmdm Vgm \$m`ÚmMm R>aV Zmhr. Om{[`ªV ohaì`m dmè`mbm [`m©` em{Ybm OmV Zmhr, Vm{[`ªV h{ Ag{M hm{V amhUma. `m gmR>r Á`m ^mJmV ^a[ya [m¡oï>H$ ohadm Mmam o[H$odVm `{Vm{, Ë`m ^mJmV bgyUKmg, _H$m, Ádmar (H$S>di), ]mOar, `ed§V JdV,]agr_, Am{Q>, BË`mXr [m¡oï>H$ Mmam X{Umar o[H{$ _m{R>çm à_mUmV K{D$Z Ë`m[mgyZ CÎm_ [m¡oï>H$ Mmam V`ma H$aÊ`mM{ H$maImZ{ C^{ H$am`bm hd{V. O{U{H$ê$Z

(1) Mmam o[H{$hr am{I [¡gm X{Umar ZJXr o[H{$ R>ê$ eH$Vrb

(2) AoVnaº$ R>aUmè`m D$g, H$[mer, H$m§Xm dJ¡a{§gma»`m ZJXr o[H$m§Zm [`m©`r [rH$ [ÕVrhr o_iy eH{$b.

(3) Á`m ^mJm§V Z¡goJ©H$ AS>MUt_wi{ ]mJm`VrMr gm{` Zgë`m_wi{ AWdm AÝ` H$maUm§_wi{ df©^a ohadm Mmam o[H$dVm `{U{ e·` Zmhr Ë`m ^mJmVhr Xw½Yì`dgm`, e{ir[mbZ, ]§oXñV e{ir[mbZ, _|T>r[mbZ dm AÝ` [ew[mbZ ì`dgm` CÎm_ Vèh{Z{ H$aVm `{B©b. H$maU H$maImÝ`mV V`ma H{$b{bm [m¡oï>H$ Mmam Aem oR>H$mUr dmhÿZ Z{U{ e·` hm{B©b.

[m¡oï>H$ Mmè`mgmR>r H$ƒm _mb •
[m¡oï>H$ Mmam ]ZodÊ`mgmR>r Am[ë`m ^mJmV ohaì`m Mmè`mgmR>r Or o[H{$ CÎm_ Amh{V, VrM [{ê$Z `m{½` d{irM H$m[yZ H$maImÝ`mV Hw$Q>r H$aU{, dmiodU{, ^aS>U{, [m¡oï>H$V{V dmT> H$aU{, H$m§S>r H$aU{, [±qH$J H$aU{ dJ¡a{gmR>r [mR>dmdrV. `m§gmR>r _H$m, Ádmar, ]mOar, `ed§V JdV, Am{Q> hr EH$Xb dJm©Mr o[H{$ `m{½` Amh{V. Ë`mMà_mU{ bgyUKmg, ]agr_, Mdir, XeaW Kmg, gw]m^yi hr oÛXb o[H{$ `m{½` Amh{V. [m¡oï>H$ Mmam oZo_©VrÀ`m H$maImZXmarV _hÎdmÀ`m [mM àoH«$`m Amh{V, Ë`m Aem •

(1) CÎm_ Vèh{Mm ohadm Mmam Ia{Xr • H$m{UË`mhr Mmam o[H$mMr H$m[Ur [rH$ [m{Q>arV AgVmZm V{ [rH$ 50 Q>¸{$ \w$bmda AgVmZmM H{$ë`mg Vm{ Mmam [m¡oï>H$ Va AgVm{M, [U Ë`mÀ`m [{er _D$ Agë`m_wi{ Ë`mMr [MZr`Vmhr Mm§Jbr AgV{. Mmam OmñV [¹$ Pmb{bm, [mZ{ Jib{bm Zgmdm.

(2) Hw$Q>r H$aU{ AmoU dmiodU{ • Mmam Ia{XrZ§Va bJ{M Ë`mMr Hw$Q>r H$amdr AmoU Vr Hw$Q>r `m§oÌH$ CîUV{Z{ dmidmdr. EH$Xb AmoU oÛXb o[H$m§Mr Hw$Q>r d{Jd{Jir gmR>dmdr.

(3) dmib{ë`m Hw$Q>rMm ^aS>m H$aU{ • `§ÌmÀ`m gmømZ{ Hw$Q>rMm ^aS>m H$ê$Z EH$Xb VWm oÛXb ^aS>m d{Jd{Jim gmR>dmdm.

(4) EH$Xb VWm oÛXb ^aS>m `m{½` à_mUmV KD$Z Ë`mda amgm`oZH$ àoH«$`m H$aU{ • EH$Xb Mmam o[H$m§À`m ^aS>çmV gmYmaUV• AmR> Q>¸{$ àoWZ{ AgVmV AmoU Ë`m§Mr [MZr`Vm 55 V{ 60 Q>¸{$ AgV{. oÛXb Mmè`mÀ`m ^aS>çmV gmYmaUV• 16 Q>¸{$ àoWZ{ AgVmV AmoU [MZr`Vm 65 V{ 70 Q>¸{$ AgV{. Xm{Ýhr Mmam o[H$m§À`m ^aS>çm[mgyZ V`ma H{$b{ë`m Mmè`mMr [m¡oï>H$Vm, [MZr`Vm, Md AmoU EHy$UM JwUdÎmm dmT>odÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mV H$mhr [m¡oï>H$ KQ>H$ o_giU{ AmoU Ë`m§Mm `m{½` g§`m{J hm{D$ X{U{ Amdí`H$ Amh{. h{M H$m`© amgm`oZH$ àoH«$`{Ûma{ H{$b{ OmV{. `m àoH«$`{V oZaoZamù`m KQ>H$m§M{ à_mU V·Ë`mV oXë`mà_mU{ Agmd{.

V·Ë`mV Xe©odb{br 7 oH$bm{ _ir (AWdm XrS> oH$bm{ ñdñV Jyi), EH$ oH$bm{ IoZOo_lU, EH$ oH$bm{ _rR>, EH$ oH$bm{ `wna`m AmoU 20 J«°_ OrdZgÎd "E S>r-3' h{ 30 obQ>a [mÊ`mV Mm§Jb{ o_giyZ ¿`md{ AmoU V{ 90 oH$bm{ (35+35+10+7+3) ^aS>çmV o_gimd{ d `§ÌmÀ`m gmømZ{ H$mbdyZ Mm§Jb{ EH$Ord H$amd{ AmoU Ë`mMm bJXm hm{D$ Úmdm.

(5) H$m§S>r V`ma H$aU{ • darbà_mU{ amgm`oZH$ àoH«$`m H{$b{ë`m ^aS>çmÀ`m bJÚm[mgyZ h¡S­>m{obH$ à{gÀ`m gmømZ{ H$m§S>r / Jm{ù`m /odQ>m / R>m{H$i{ V`ma H$amd{V. `m§oÌH$ CîUV{Z{M V{ dmidmd{V, [°qH$J H$amd{, gmR>dmd{, odH«$s H$amdr, _mJUrÀ`m oR>H$mUr dmhVyH$ H$amdr dJ¡a{.

Aem Vèh{Z{ ]Zodb{ë`m H$m§S>r Mmè`m§V 70 Q>¸{$ CÎm_ Mmam AmoU 30 Q>¸{$ CÎm_ [ewImÚ `m§Mm CÎm_ g§J_ Amh{. Ë`mV 13 V{ 15 Q>¸{$ àoWZ{ AgyZ, Mmè`mMr [MZr`Vm 65 V{ 70 Q>¸{$ amhrb. hm [`m©`r ohadm Mmam (H$m§S>r) oH$Ë`{H$ _ohZ{ gmR>odVm `{B©b. Vm{ dmhVwH$sbm gm{[m Amh{. Ë`m_wi{ Xw½Yì`dgm`, e{ir[mbZ ì`dgm`, _|T>r[mbZ ì`dgm` H$m{UË`mhr oR>H$mUr H$aU{ e·` hm{B©b. ]ma_mhr ohadm Mmam CË[mXZ H$aVm `{Uma Zmhr åhUyZ [ew[mbZ ì`dgm` AS>Uma Zmhr. `mH$naVm hahþÞar CÚm{OH$ _mÌ [wT>{ `m`bm hd{V.

`m g§X^m©V AoYH$ _ohVrgmR>r amhþb X{gb{, Mmam g§em{YZ H|$Ð, _hmË_m \w$b{ H¥$fr odÚm[rR>, amhþar (oO. ZJa) `m§À`mer g§[H©$ gmYmdm.

- amhþb X{gb{

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"H$er d{Mmdr H$[mer hf© S>m{ù`mV _md{Zm'

 ( Zm. Ym|. _hmZm{a )

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CË[mXZ IM© H$_r H$ê$Z e{VrM§ ì`mdhmnaH$, Zd§ emó AZw^dmZ§ dm[ê$Z EH$ar CË[mXZ dmT>b§, VaM C[`m{J. AmOhr H$m[gmBVH§$ Iy[ CË[Þ X{Uma§, AmR>_mhr [mÊ`mda `{Uma§, e{VH$è`mbm C^§ H$aUma§ Xwga§ [rH$ Zmhr.
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........ _hmamï­>mVë`m H$m{aS>dmhÿ Oo_ZrVrb o[H$m§_Ü`{ Ádmar, ]mOar, _H$m, Vri, CS>rX, _yJ BË`mXtM{ CË[mXZ - EH$ar CË[mXZ oXdg|oXdg KQ>V Amh{ d Ë`mgmR>r bmJUma§ o]`mU§, IV§, _Owar `m§M§ à_mU _m{R>çm à_mUmda dmT>V Mmbb{b§ Agë`mZ§ H$m{aS>dmhÿ o[H$m§_Ü`{ e{VH$ar g§[yU© _m{S>H$irg Amb{bm Amh{. Ë`mVë`m Ë`mV H$m[yg o[H$mgmR>r gXm{f H$m Ag{Zm, [a§Vw h_r^md Agë`m_wi{ AOyZhr H$m[yg o[H$mMr [{aUr odX^©, _amR>mdmS>m, OiJmd, Ywi{ `m àX{emV AoYH$ Amh{. V{M _w»` [rH$ K{Vb{ OmV{. H$m[gmM§ H$m{aS>dmhÿ Oo_ZrVb§ EH$ar CË[mXZ EH$ V{ gìdm q¹$Q>b BVH{$ V{ gamgarZ§ Amh{. åhUO{ Wm{S>mhr Z\$m Zmhr. Varhr [{aUr hm{V{M. Ë`mV `m{½` Vm{ ]Xb, H$mhr Zì`m Jm{ï>r e{VH$ar ñdrH$mam`bm V`ma hm{V Zmhr. BVH§$ Am§Yi{[UmZ§ e{VrV amhU§ \$ma KmVH$s Amh{.

Xhm Q>¸{$gwÕm CÝhmir ]mJm`Vr H$m[gmMr bmJdS> amohb{br Zmhr. [wU{, gm§Jbr, gm{bm[ya, ZJaMr CÝhmim H$[mer [{aUr Odi[mg g§[wï>mV Amb{br Amh{. odX^©-_amR>dmS>çmVhr \$ma Wm{S>r CÝhmir H$[mer AgV{. ZìdX Q>¸{$ H$m[yg [mdgmda [{aUr H$ê$Z, EH$ar Aë[g{ CË[mXZ H$mTy>Zhr e{VH$ar Ë`m o[H$mMm Jm§^r`m©Z{ odMma H$arV Zmhr. H$m{UV§ o]`mU§ Mm§Jb§, H$m{UV§ dmB©Q>- g§H$naV dmU K{VmZmgwÕm OmohamV]mOrda Am§Yim odídmg R>{dyZ, XwH$mZXma dm EO§Q> gm§JVrb Ë`mda ^adgm H$ê$Z O{ OmñV oH$_VrM§ ( d H$_r dOZmM§) V{ OmñV Mm§Jb§, Ag§ g_OyZ o]`mU§ K{Uma{ g§»`{Z§ OmñV. H$mhr grS> H§$[Ý`m§Zr amOam{g byQ>M Mmbodb{br Amh{, h{ AmVm ogÕ Pmb§ Amh{. `m dfu "_hm]rO 2' Mr EdT>r _m{R>r OmohamV XyaXe©Z d àgma_mÜ`_m§VyZ H$ê$Zhr H$m{Ur V{ o]`mU§ ¿`m`bm V`ma Zmhr, hr dñVwpñWVr Amh{. H¥$fr AoYH$mar d àJoVerb e{VH$arhr h{ [Q>dyZ Úm`bm H$_r [S>VmV, Ag§ ñ[ï> oXgV§`. _hmJS>çm oH$_VrM{ o]`mU{ Owb¡ 1 [`ªV AmVm ]è`m[¡H$s `{Umè`m [mdgmV bmdyZ e{VH$ar _m{H$im hm{Vm{.

H$m[yg h{ H$m{aS>dmhÿ [rH$ Amh{, h{ AmVm S>m{·`mVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$md§. H$m[yg h{ AmR>_mhr - Wm{S>§]hþV h§Jm_r [mUr Ag{b, oVW§M bmdb§ J{b§ [mohO{, Ag§ [¸§$ H$amd§. Oo_ZrMr CÝhmir _emJV Pmë`mda T>{H$i§ \$maer AgUma ZmhrV, Aer O_rZ V`ma Pmë`mda OyZÀ`m [ohë`m AmR>dS>çmV 3 ]m` 3 qH$dm 2 ]m` AS>rM \y$Q> A§Vamda Mm¡\w$br H$ê$Z Yyi [{aUr H$amdr. EH$ar oH$_mZ VrZ hOma Var am{[§ AgmdrV, VaM EH$ar CË[mXZ dmTy> eH{$b. Yyi [{aUrMm oZpíMVM Mm§Jbm C[`m{J hm{Vm{, h{ Amåhr [§Yam-drg dfmªV ogÜX H$ê$Z XmIodb§. [mD$g AmVm Wm{S>m CoeamM `{Vm{. CJdU Pmë`mda H$m{i[Ur-dIaUr hb·`mZ§ _ohZm^a H$amdr. Z§VaÀ`m H$m{i[Ur-dIaUrV - H$[mer ]è`m[¡H$s da Amë`mda - XJS> R>{dyZ H{$ë`mZ§ _mVr AoYH$ ^wg^werV hm{V{ d gar-da§]m Am[m{Am[ hm{V OmVm{. Wm{S>çmhr [mdgmZ§ Am{b AoYH$ oQ>H$V{. [rH$ P[mQ>çmZ§ dmT>V§. gmYmaU[U{ gßQ>|]a[`ªV H$m[gmM§ [rH$ Og§ e{V Ag{b, Ë`m]ahþHy$_ Xm{Z \w$Q>m§[`ªV dmT> K{V§. N>mZ[¡H$s \w$b[mÌr `{V{. e{V d H$m[yg ^aJƒ, AoVe` X{IÊ`m ê$[mV C^§ amhV§ AmoU `mM d{i{bm gJi§ H$mhr _hÎdmM§ Amh{ V{ gwê$ Pmb§ [mohO{. [mQ>mM§, odoharM§ - ZXr-Zmë`mVb§ dmhV§ [mUr [rìhrgrZ§ e{Vm[`ªV AmUmd§ d gar-da§]m [ÕVrZ§ H$m[gmbm ^aJƒ [mÊ`mZ§ Am{b§qM] H$ê$Z Q>mH$md§. gßQ>|]aMm CÎmamY©, Am°·Q>m{]a d Zm{ìh|]aMm [ydm©Y© `m Xm{Z _ohÝ`m§V àM§S> CîUV{Z§ O_rZ H$m{aS>r hm{V{. VS>{ [S>VmV d H$[merÀ`m am{[m§darb EHy$U \w$b[mÌr[¡H$s gmR>-gÎma Q>¸{$ \w$b[mÌr JiyZ [S>V{. Am[U Yê$Z MmbVm{ V{ EH$ar Mma q¹$Q>b CË[mXZ \$º$ EH$ V{ XrS> q¹$Q>b[`ªV PmS>m§da oe„H$ amhmV§. h{ hm{D$ Z`{ åhUyZ [mUr Xa [§Yam-drg oXdgm§Zr H$m[gmbm ËdnaV X{U§ åhUyZ AË`§V OéarM§ Amh{. Ë`m_wi{ JiyZ [S>Umam \y$b]hma JiUma Zmhr; Wm{S>m Ji{b. oedm`, Am°·Q>m{]aÀ`m Vrd« CÝhmV [mUr oXë`mZ§ H$m[gmbm [§Mdrg Q>¸{$ Var ZdrZ \w$b]ma - H$ù`m bmJVrb Ë`m[wT>{ bdH$a V`ma hm{VmV. Ë`mM d{ir H$m[gmMm e|S>m IwS>Ê`mM§ H$m_ H{$ë`mg _mb AoYH$ d bdH$a [na[¹$ hm{Vm{. H{$di Xm{Z _ohÝ`m§À`m dº$era [mUr X{Ê`mZ§ Am[U EH$-XrS> q¹$Q>bE{dOr Mma-ghm q¹$Q>bda OmVm{, h{ AmíM`© dmQ>Ê`mgmaI§ Amh{; [a§Vw V{ Ia§ Amh{. [mUr X{D$Z K{Vb{bm H$m[ygM e{VH$è`m§M§ EH$ar CË[mXZ dmT>dyZ Ë`mbm C^§ H$ê$ eH$Vm{. àM§S> H$O©]mOmar[Um d oZamem H$m[yg d BVa o[H$m§Zrhr e{VrV Ambr, Vr Jm§^r`m©Z§ ]XbË`m H$mimMm, oZgJm©Mm, V§ÌemómMm d H$mhr [a§[a{Vë`m Mm§Jë`m Jm{ï>tMm odMma Z H{$ë`m_wi{. `m dfu _r OyZ_Ü`{ [§Yam EH$a H$m[yg [{abm Amh{. Yyi [{aUr 3' ]m` 3'. Xa 15 \w$bm§da grVm\$im§Mr Zdr bmJdS> Ë`mVM H{$br. Ë`m_wi{ dada [mir -H$m{i[Ur H$ê$Zhr grVm\$imbm BOm hm{Uma Zmhr. oS>g|]a[`ªV Ë`mM [mÊ`mda V{ dmT>Uma. "_hm]rO 2' am{JàoVH$maH$ d Zdm dmU åhUyZ _r bmdb{bm Amh{ (Á`mbm \$magm àoVgmX Zmhr.). Am¡fYm§Mr EH$hr \$dmaUr H$am`Mr Zmhr. _r H$m[gmbm [§Yam dfmª[mgyZ Am¡fYr \$dmaUr H$m{UVrhr H$arV Zmhr. `m dfu H$m[gmbm amgm`oZH$ IV Úm`M§M Zmhr. gßQ>|]aÀ`m CÎmamYm©[mgyZ Xm{Z-VrZ _ohZ{ odoharM§ [mUr gar da§ã`mZ§ X{Uma Amh{. \$dmaUr d IVm§M{ _mP{ H$_rV H$_r [§Mdrg hOma é[`{ dmMb{. Am[U åhUUma, Ë`m_wi{ CË[mXZmV KQ> hm{B©b. BH$S>{ Am°·Q>m{]a_Ü`{ `m; H$[mer_Ü`{ Am[U g_j ]m{by.

_bm EH$ar [mM-ghm q¹$Q>bMrM A[{jm Amh{. o]`mU§, bmdUr-_{hZV, [mUr BË`mXrMm _mPm gJim IM© EH$ar Xm{Z-AS>rM hOmam§[{jm OmñV ZgUma. \$ma Va VrZ hOma. `m[{jm AoYH$ o]bHy$b Zmhr. gmV-AmR> hOma é[`{ Var EH$ar amohb{ [mohO{V. EH$ar XrS> q¹$Q>b, Xm{Z q¹$Q>bà_mU{ CË[mXZ H$mTy>Z V{dT>{M o]`mU§, amgm`oZH$ IV§, \$dmaUrda IM© H$ê$Z "H$m[gmbm ^md o_imbmM [mohO{' åhUyZ Xa dfu Am§Xm{bZ H$ê$Z H$mhrhr gmÜ` hm{Uma Zmhr. CË[mXZ IM© H$_r H$ê$Z e{VrM§ ì`mdhmnaH$ Zd§ emó AZw^dmZ§ dm[ê$Z CË[mXZ dmT>b§ VaM C[`m{J. H$m{UV§hr emgZ àmX{oeH$ d Aì`mdhmnaH$ H$m[erÀ`m AmV]Å>çmÀ`m amOH$maUmV Hw$R>da VJ YaUma Amh{? AmOhr H$m[gmBVH§$ Iy[ CË[Þ X{Uma§ AmR>_mhr [mÊ`mda e{VH$è`m§Zm C^§ H$aUma Xwga§ [rH$ Zmhr.

_r CÝhmir H$m[yg 1982 À`m Odi[mg odoharV [mUr hm{V§ Ë`m d{ir Xm{Z-[mM dfª K{Vb{bm Amh{. H$m[yg Im{S>dm W{Q> _{[`ªV H$ê$Z [mohb{bm Amh{. oZìdi [mdgmda `{Umam H$m[yg H{$bm Amh{. AmR>_mhr [mdgmda Z{h_rM H$aVm{`. Mma dfmª[ydu _r _m{g§]rMr bmJdS> H{$br. Ë`mV CS>XmM§ [rH$ K{Vb§. V{ 25 gßQ>|]abm Amb§. AmR> oXdgm§V O_rZ V`ma H$ê$Z 2 Am°·Q>m{]abm H$m[yg bmdbm. Ë`mbm 1 _{[`ªV Xa [§Yam-drg oXdgm§Zr [mUr oXb§. am{JodaohV o]Ja \$dmaUr-o]Ja amgm`oZH$ IV§- \$maM N>mZ, ^¸$_ H¡$ar Agb{bm H$m[yg Ambm. _{_Ü`{ ZwgV§ ]KV amhmdm BVH$s V{Or PmS>m§da hm{Vr. 17 _{ bm godñVa MMm© Pmbr, [mhUr Pmbr. _mP{ o_Ì gwYra ^m|Ji{ `m§Zr Ë`mda "gH$mi'_Ü`{ obohb§. Ë`m d{ir H¡$. Aß[mgmh{] qeX{ H$m[yg ]Km`bm Amb{. Ag{ à`m{J Mmbb{M Amh{V.

- Zm. Ym|. _hmZm{a

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aã]r ÁdmarM{ dmU
"\w$b{ `em{Xm" d "\w$b{ _mD$br'

 ( S>m°. ]r. EZ. ZmaI{S>{ )

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amhþarÀ`m _hmË_m \w$b{ H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mVrb Ádmar g§em{YZ H|$ÐmZ{ aã]r h§Jm_mgmR>r "\w$b{ `em{Xm' d "\w$b{ _mD$br' `m gwYmnaV OmVr odH$ogV H$ê$Z, bmJdS>rgmR>r àgmnaV H{$ë`m Amh{V.
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....... _hmamï­>mV aã]r Ádmar o[H$Umè`m ^mJmV [mD$g \$maM AoZpíMV d H$_r à_mUmV [S>Vm{. Aem [napñWVrV aã]r ÁdmarM{ ^odVì` h{ Ina[mVrb [mdgmÀ`m Am{bmì`mda Adb§]yyZ AgV{. aã]r Ádmar _hmamï­>mV hb·`m, _Ü`_ AmoU ^mar Oo_Zrda K{Vbr OmV{. (gw_ma{ AZwH«$_{ 23, 48 AmoU 29 Q>¸{$.)

1936 [mgyZ "_mbXm§S>r 35-1' hr EH$M OmV àMobV hm{Vr; H$maU hr OmV H¥$fr hdm_mZmbm g§d{XZerb Zmhr; [a§Vw oVMr CË[mXH$Vm \$maM H$_r Amh{. oedm` hb·`m Oo_Zrda `m OmVr[mgyZ H$mhrM CË[Þ o_iV Zmhr. "ñdmVr' hr OmV \$º$ ^mar Oo_ZrgmR>r d ]mJm`Vr j{ÌmgmR>rM `m{½` Amh{. "ogb{·eZ - 3' hr OmV \$º$ hb·`m Oo_ZrgmR>r C[`wº$ Amh{, oedm` Vr bdH$a [¹$ hm{V{. darb gd© ]m]tMm odMma H$ê$Z amhþarÀ`m _hmË_m \w$b{ odÚm[rR>mVrb Ádmar g§em{YZ H|$ÐmZ{ _mbXm§S>rbm g_W© [`m©`r Aer ZdrZ OmV "\w$b{ `em{Xm' (Eg[rìhr 1359) hr g§em{oYV H{$br Amh{. `m OmVrÀ`m _Ü`_ V{ ^mar Oo_ZrgmR>r oe\$mag Pmbr Amh{. hr OmV hr H|$Ðr` go_VrZ{ Zm|XUrH¥$V H{$br AgyZ, Vr amï­>r` [mVirda àgmnaV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amh{. `m OmVr[mgyZ "_mbXm§S>r 35-1'[{jm 25 V{ 30 Q>··`m§Zr OmñV CË[Þ o_iV{; Vg{M H$S>ã`mÀ`m ]m]VgwÕm hr OmV gag AmT>iyZ Ambr Amh{. Vr[mgyZ h{·Q>ar 70 V{ 75 q¹$Q>b H$S>ã`mM{ CË[mXZ o_iy eH$V{. `m OmVrg [¹$ hm{Ê`mg 120 V{ 125 oXdg bmJVmV. hr OmV C§M dmTy>Zhr bm{iV Zmhr. _iUr gwb^ hm{V{. IS>IS>çm am{Jmg AmoU Im{S>_mer oH$S>rg hr OmV àoVH$maH$ Amh{. ^mH$arMr àV "_mbXm§S>r'gmaIr AgyZ, qH$oMV Jm{S> Amh{. H$S>ã`mMr àVgwÕm CËH¥$ï> Amh{. Adf©Umg àoVH$maj_ Amh{.

`m OmVr[mgyZ A[{ojV CË[mXZ o_iodÊ`mgmR>r `m OmVrM{ àoVh{·Q>ar 10 oH$bm{ ]rOàoH«$`m H{$b{b{ o]`mU{ dm[amd{. H$m{aS>dmhÿImbr 1.2 V{ 1.35 bmI, Va ]mJm`VrgmR>r 1.8 V{ Xm{Z bmI BVH$s VmQ>m§Mr g§»`m R>{dmdr. [{aUr oV\$UrZ{ Xm{Z MmS>çm§À`m [m^arZ{ H$amdr. [{aUr hr 45 g|oQ>_rQ>a ]m` 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a A§Vamda H$amdr. Oo_ZrÀ`m àH$mamZwgma aã]r Ádmarg amgm`oZH$ IV{ ÚmdrV. [mÊ`mMr C[bãYVm odMmamV K{D$Z `m{½` [mUr ì`dñWm[Z H$amd{. Amdí`H$V{Zwgma H$m{i[Ur, Iwa[Ur AmoU d{irM [rH$g§ajU H$amd{.

Vg{M, `m g§em{YZ H|$ÐmZ{ Img hb·`m V{ _Ü`_ Oo_ZrgmR>r "\w$b{ _mD$br' `m ZdrZ gwYmnaV OmVrMr oZo_©Vr H{$br Amh{. `m OmVr[mgyZ 15 V{ 20 q¹$Q>b _Ü`_ Oo_ZrV, Va 8 V{ 9 q¹$Q>b YmÝ` CË[mXZ hb·`m Oo_ZrV o_iV{. hr OmV 110 V{ 115 oXdgm§V V`ma hm{V{. _iUr gwb^ hm{V{. [rH$ bm{iV Zmhr. Adf©Umg AoVe` àoVH$maH$ Amh{. IS>IS>çm am{Jmg AmoU Im{S>_merg àoVH$maH$ Amh{. H$S>ã`mMr AmoU ^mH$arMr àV CËH¥$ï> Amh{. `m dmUmÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r 10 oH$bm{ o]`mU{ dm[amd{. hb·`m Oo_Zrda [{aUr 45 g|oQ>_rQ>a ]m` 20 g|oQ>_rQ>a, Va _Ü`_ Oo_Zrda [{aUr 45 ]m` 15 g|oQ>_rQ>a A§Vamda H$amdr. [{aUrÀ`m d{i{g 50 oH$bm{ `wna`m hb·`m, Va 100 oH$bm{ `wna`m àoVh{·Q>ar _Ü`_ Oo_Zrda dm[amdm. odaiUrZ§Va hb·`m Oo_Zrda 80 hOma V{ 90 hOma BVH$s, Va 1.2 V{ 1.35 bmI VmQ>m§Mr g§»`m _Ü`_ Oo_Zrda R>{dmdr. [{aUr gßQ>|]aÀ`m Xwgè`m AmR>dS>çmV H$amdr.

darb OmVtM{ o]`mU{ H$mhr à_mUmV Ádmar g§em{YZ H|$Ð, \w$b{ H¥$fr odÚm[rR> (amhþar) `{W{ o_iy eH{$b, Vg{M h{ o]`mU{ _hmamï­> amÁ` o]`mU{ _hm_§S>i (AH$m{bm) `m§À`mH$S>{hr Amh{.

- S>m°. ]r. EZ. ZmaI{S>{

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H$ï> d oOÔrVyZ S>mqi]mMr ]mJ

 ( a_{e Ym`JwS>{ )

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IS>H$mi d _wa_mS> Oo_ZrV H$ï> d oOÔrÀ`m Om{amda S>mqi]mMr ]mJ \w$bodb{b{ gmVmam oOëhçmVrb d{i{dmS>r `{Wrb e{VH$ar _ëhmar Imem]m Ym`JwS>{ `m§À`m `emMr H$hmUr.
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....... gmVmam oOëhçmVrb I§S>mim `m XwîH$mir Vmbw·`mVrb d{i{dmS>r `{Wrb gd©gm_mÝ` Hw$Qw>§]mVrb e{VH$ar _ëhmar Imem]m Ym`JwS>{ `m§Zr _wa_mS> d IS>H$mi Oo_ZrV H$ï>mÀ`m d oOÔrÀ`m Om{amda S>mqi]mMr ]mJ \w$bodbr Amh{. dfm©bm EH$ar gamgar 70 V{ 80 hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ o_idyZ Ë`m§Zr ñdV•À`m AmoW©H$ CÞVr]am{]a I§S>mù`mgma»`m BVa H$m`_ñdê$[r XwîH$mir Vmbw·`mVrb e{VH$è`m§Zm `m ]mJ{À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmXe© KmbyZ oXbm Amh{.

I§S>mim VmbwH$m hm Adf©UàdU j{ÌmV _m{S>Umam VmbwH$m Amh{. `{Wrb 60 V{ 70 Q>¸{$ O_rZ _wa_mS> d IS>H$mi ñdê$[mMr Agë`mZ{, e{Vr [yU©[U{ [mdgmdaM Adb§]yZ Amh{. Ë`m_wi{ `{Wrb e{VH$ar Ádmar, ]mOar d H$m§Xm hr [ma§[naH$ o[H{$ K{Ê`mdaM ^a X{VmV. Ë`m_wi{ Vmbw·`mVrb e{VH$è`m§Mr AmoW©H$ pñWVr ]{VmMrM Amh{. emgZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ \$i]mJ bmJdS>rgmR>r AZ{H$ dfmª[mgyZ à`ËZ hm{D$Zhr `{W{ [mM Q>··`m§da \$i]mJ bmJdS> Pmbr Zmhr. _mÌ d{i{dmS>rgma»`m N>m{Q>çm JmdmVrb e{VH$ar _ëhmar Ym`JwS>{ `m§Zr ñd`§ñ\y$VuZ{ H$ï>m§À`m Om{amda S>mqi]mMr ]mJ \w$bdbr Amh{.

d{i{dmS>r h{ 200 V{ 250 bm{H$dñVrM{ Jmd I§S>mù`m[mgyZ [yd}H$S>{ 12 d bm{U§X[mgyZ [píM_{H$S>{ Xhm oH$bm{_rQ>a A§Vamda _hmX{dmÀ`m S>m|JamÀ`m Hw$erV dgb{b{ Amh{. ]m{ar JmdMr C[dmS>r åhUyZ h{ Jmd Am{iIb{ OmV{. S>m|JamÀ`m H$S>{bm Agb{ë`m EH$ EH$a _wa_mS> d IS>H$mi Oo_ZrV \w$bdb{ë`m S>mqi]m§À`m ]mJ{Mr H$hmUr gm§JVmZm lr. Ym`JwS>{ åhUmb{, H$s [ydu[mgyZM Am_À`m Hw$Qw>§]r`m§Zm Xwgè`mÀ`m e{Vmda am]yZ CXaoZdm©h H$amdm bmJbm hm{Vm. Ë`m_wi{ Amåhr Xm{Z ^mD$ d EH$ ]hrU oejUm[mgyZ d§oMV amohbm{. doS>bm{[moO©V IS>H$mi d _wa_mS> gmS>{VrZ EH$a Oo_Zr[¡H$s AS>rM EH$a O_rZ `{W{ Pmb{ë`m VbmdmV J{br. Cab{ë`m EH$ EH$a Oo_ZrVyZ o_iUma{ CË[Þ Amåhm Hw$Qw>§]r`m§Zm H$mhr oXdghr [waV ZìhV{. oejU Zgë`m_wi{ Zm{H$arÀ`m Amem _mdië`m hm{Ë`m. _mÌ Xwgè`mÀ`m e{Vmda H$m_ H$aVmZm Am_Mr _wa_mS> d IS>H$mi O_rZ Z{h_r S>m{ù`m§g_m{a C^r amhm`Mr. Am[br e{Vr \w$bdmdr, Ádmar, ]mOar d _Q>H$sgmaIr [ma§[naH$ o[H{$ Z K{Vm AoYH$ CË[Þ X{Umar o[H{$ ¿`mdrV, Ag{ gmaI{ dmQ>m`M{. AI{a 1991_Ü`{ hm odMma H$ê$Z Oo_ZrMr àV gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r Amåhr KamVrb gd© OU gH$mir Xm{Z Vmg Am[ë`m e{VmV H$m_ H$ê$Z _m{b_OwargmR>r Xwgè`mÀ`m e{Vmda H$m_mbm OmD$ bmJbm{. Oo_ZrM{ Xm{Z VwH$S>{ [mSy>Z XJS>Jm{Q>{ H$mTy>Z O_rZ g[mQ> H$ê$Z d H$S>{Z{ XJS>r ]m§Y KmbyZ EH$m df©^amV O_rZ o[H$m§gmR>r `m{½` H{$br. \$i]mJ bmJdS> H$am`Mr, Aer H$ë[Zm gwMë`mZ{ 1992 _Ü`{ ]mam_VrhÿZ "JU{e' OmVrÀ`m S>mqi]mMr 250 am{[{ AmUbr. EH$ EH$a Oo_ZrV e{UIV Q>mHy$Z S>mqi]mMr bmJdS> H{$br. [ohbr Xm{Z df} CÝhmù`mV S>m{·`mdê$Z [mUr KmbyZ am{[m§Zm Om{[mgb{.

1994 _Ü`{ [§Mm`V go_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ emgZmÀ`m Odmha odhra `m{OZ{A§VJ©V odhra Im{XmB©gmR>r 28 hOma é[`{ o_imb{. Ë`mVyZ odhra Im{Xbr. [mPa Vbmd OdiM Agë`mZ{ odoharbm [mUrhr ^a[ya à_mUmV bmJb{. 1996 [mgyZ ]mJ{bm \$i{ `{D$ bmJbr. [ohë`m dfu 15 hOma é[`{, Xwgè`m dfu 25 hOma, oVgè`m dfu 45 hOma, Mm¡Ï`m dfu 65 hOma d [mMì`m dfu 75 V{ 80 hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ o_imb{, Ag{ Ë`m§Zr gm§oJVb{. `m dfu _m{hm{a Amë`mda ]mJ{bm [mUr oXb{ d [mZJi Pmë`mda ]mJ{Mr Im§XUr H{$br. e{UIV, o_lIV{, ß`wa{Q> Am°\$ [m{Q>°e d _m`H«$m{ã`wB©EQ> hr IV{ dm[ê$Z Xa 15 oXdgm§Zr EH$Xm O§VwZmeH$ Am¡fYm§Mr \$dmaUr H{$br. Xadfu[{jm `m dfu ]mJ{Vrb gd© 200 PmS>m§Zm Mm§Jbm ]ha Ambm AgyZ, 200 V{ 900 J«°_[`ªV EH$m \$imM{ dOZ ^aV Amh{. \$im§Mm a§Jhr bmb^S>H$, CR>mdXma Amh{. oXdgmbm gmS>{VrZe{ V{ Mmae{ \$i{ oZKV AgyZ, Vr [wU{ d _w§]B© `{Wrb ]mOma[{R>{V odH«$sgmR>r [mR>dbr OmV Amh{V. ]mam V{ 15 \$im§À`m EH$m ]m°·gbm 60 V{ 70 é[`{ EdT>m Xa o_iVm{, Ag{ lr.Ym`JwS>{ `m§Zr gm§oJVb{. V{ åhUmb{, ""]mJ{bm [ohë`m dfu \$i{ Ambr, V{ìhm[mgyZ KamVrb H$m{UrM Xwgè`mÀ`m e{Vmda _m{b_OwargmR>r OmV Zmhr. KamVrb gd© OU gH$mi-g§Ü`mH$mi ]mJ{VM H$m_ H$aVmV. Am_Mr AmoW©H$ pñWVr g_mYmZH$maH$ AgyZ, [wT>rb H$mimV oM¸y$, Ðmj{ AmXr \$im§À`m ]mJm bmdÊ`mMm _Zm{X` Amh{.''

XwîH$mir ^mJmV H$ï>mÀ`m d oOÔrÀ`m Om{amda \$i]mJ{À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmoW©H$ÑîQ>çm g_¥Õ Pmb{b{ Hw$Qw>§] åhUyZ _ëhmar Ym`JwS>{ `m§À`m Hw$Qw>§]mH$S>{ [mohb{ OmV Amh{. Ë`m§Mr S>mqi]mMr ]mJ [mhÊ`mgmR>r AZ{H$ OU ^{Q>r X{V Amh{V.

- a_{e Ym`JwS>{

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 oMHy$[mgyZ H±$S>r, ]\$s©
 ( àm. odîUy Ja§S>{ )

oMHy$ h{ df©^a \$i X{Uma{ PmS> Amh{. _hmamï­> emgZmÀ`m \$iPmS> bmJdS> `m{OZ{A§VJ©V oMHy$À`m "H$mbr[Îmr' `m OmVrMr bmJdS> _m{R>çm à_mUmda Pmbr Amh{. ......
....... `m \$imÀ`m bmJdS>r[mgyZ dmOdr Z\$m o_iodÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Mr odH«$s ì`dñWm d àoH«$`m `mH$S>{ bj X{U{ OéarM{ Amh{. h{ \$i PmS>mdê$Z H$mT>ë`mZ§Va o[H$V Agë`mZ{ Ë`m§À`mV Ord-amgm`oZH$ oH«$`m AoVe` ObX[U{ KSy>Z `{VmV d \$i bJ{M [¹$ hm{D$Z Aë[m`wfr ]ZV{. `m \$im[mgyZ CÎm_ àH$maM{ [{` d [XmW© V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. gÜ`m ^maVmV EHy$U [{`m§À`m CË[mXZm§[¡H$s 65 Q>¸{$ H¥$oÌ_ H$m]©ZS>m` Am°·gmB©S>`wº$ [{`m§Mr Amh{V. _mÌ, \$im§À`m àoH«$`{H$S>{ OmñV bj oXë`mg `m H¥$oÌ_ [{`m§Mr OmJm Z¡goJ©H$ \$i[{`{ oZpíMV K{D$ eH$Vrb.

\$im[mgyZ [{`{ •
Mm§Jbr o[H$b{br d CÎm_ ñdmXmMr \$i{ ñdÀN> [mÊ`mV YwdyZ ¿`mdrV. \$im§À`m \$m{S>r H$ê$Z o]`m d{Jù`m H$amì`mV. o_·gaÀ`m gmømZ{ \$m{S>tMm bJXm H$amdm. \$m{S>r EH$ o_._r. _{eÀ`m ñQ>{Zb{g ñQ>rbÀ`m MmiUrda KmgyZhr bJXm V`ma H$aVm `{Vm{. `m bJÚmV 0.02 Q>¸{$ [{·Q>rZ{O EÝPmB©_ Q>mHy$Z Vm{ Xm{Z Vmg R>{dmdm. Ë`mZ§Va hm bJXm _b_bÀ`m H$[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ¿`mdm. Aem àH$ma{ H$mT>b{bm ag [wT>rb [{`{ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r dm[aVm `{Vm{.

ga]V (AmaQ>rEg) • EH$ oH$bm{ [{` V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 200 J«°_ oMHy$Mm ag, 160 J«°_ gmIa, 2.7 J«°_ gm`oQ­>H$ Amåb, 640 J«°_ [mUr o_giyZ V{ o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ K{D$Z _b_bÀ`m H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ¿`md{ d W§S> AgVmZmM `mMm AmñdmX ¿`mdm. h{ ga]V gmR>dyZ R>{dm`M{ Agë`mg V{ 90 A§e g{pëgAg Vm[_mZmbm Ja_ H$ê$Z Ë`mV 120 o_. J«°./oH$bm{ [{` `m à_mUmV gm{oS>`_ ]{ÝPm{EQ> h{ [naajH$ o_gimd{. [naajH$ dm[aVmZm àW_ Wm{S>çm [mÊ`mV odaKimd{ AmoU _JM V{ g§[yU© [{`mV Q>mHy$Z Mm§Jb{ T>dimd{. h{ [{` Ja_ AgVmZmM oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z hdm]§X H$ê$Z W§S> d H$m{aS>çm oR>H$mUr gmR>dyZ R>{dmd{. `m [{`mMm AmñdmX [mUr Z o_giVm ¿`mdm.

ñ¹°$e • EH$ oH$bm{ oMHy$ ñ¹°$e V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r 250 J«°_ oMHy$Mm ag, 400 J«°_ gmIa, 10 J«°_ gm`oQ­>H$ Amåb AmoU 340 J«°_ [mUr o_giyZ h{ o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ K{D$Z _b_bÀ`m H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ K{D$Z 90 A§e g{pëgAg Vm[_mZmbm Wm{S>m d{i Ja_ H$amd{. da Z_yX H{$ë`mà_mU{ gm{oS>`_ ]{ÝPm{EQ> h{ [naajH$ 600 o_. J«°_/oH$bm{ [{`, `m à_mUmV o_lU Ja_ AgVmZmM o_gimd{ d oZOªVwH$ ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z ]mQ>ë`m hdm]§X H$ê$Z W§S> d H$m{aS>çm oR>H$mUr gmR>dyZ R>{dmì`mV. oMHy$ ñ¹°$eMm AmñdmX 1•3 `m à_mUmV W§S> [mUr o_giyZ ¿`mdm.

oga[ • `mgmR>r EH$ oH$bm{ oMHy$ agmV Xm{Z oH$bm{ gmIa d 30 J«°_ gm`oQ­>H$ Amåb Q>mH$md{ d Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ K{D$Z _b_bÀ`m H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ Wm{S>m d{i Ja_ H$ê$Z Ë`mV gm{oS>`_ ]{ÝPm{EQ> 610 o_. J«°_/oH$bm{ [{` `m à_mUmV h{ [naajH$ o_gimd{ d h{ [{` oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z ]mQ>ë`m hdm]§X H$ê$Z W§S> d H$m{aS>çm oR>H$mUr gmR>dmì`mV. `m [{`mV 1•4 `m à_mUmV W§S> [mUr o_giyZ AmñdmX ¿`mdm.

\$im[mgyZ [XmW©
O°_ • oMHy$À`m o[H$b{ë`m \$im§À`m Jam§[mgyZ CÎm_ àH$maMm O°_ V`ma H$aVm `{Vm{. `mgmR>r EH$ oH$bm{ JamV EH$ oH$bm{ gmIa d Xm{Z J«°_ gm`oQ­>H$ Amåb o_giyZ _§X e{JS>rda oeOdyZ ¿`md{. oeOdVmZm h{ o_lU gVV T>diV amhmd{. h{ o_lU VwH$S>çmV [Sy> bmJë`mda oeOdU{ Wm§]dmd{ d Ja_ AgVmZmM oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m é§X Vm|S>mÀ`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z ]mQ>ë`m W§S> Pmë`mda PmH$U bmdyZ Ë`m W§S> d H$m{aS>çm oR>H$mUr gmR>dmì`mV.

]\$s© • oMHy$Mm ag H$mTy>Z Pmë`mda amohb{ë`m Mm{Ï`mMm dm[a H$ê$Z oMHy$Mr ñdmoXï> ]\$s© V`ma H$aVm `{V{. `mgmR>r EH$ oH$bm{ oMHy$À`m Mm{Ï`mV àW_ 50 J«°_ _·`mM{ [rR> d 50 J«°_ XwYmMr [mdS>a o_giyZ h{ o_lU oeOdmd{. oeOdVmZm Xm{Z oH$bm{ gmIa d gmYmaU 120 J«°_ dZñ[Vr Vy[ o_gimd{. h{ o_lU 80 oS>J«r o]«·g `{B©[`ªV oeOdmd{. Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mV EH$ J«°_ gm`oQ­>H$ Amåb d 10 J«°_ _rR> o_giyZ [wÝhm 72 oS>J«r o]«·g[`ªV oeOdmd{. h{ o_lU Ja_ AgVmZmM dZñ[Vr Vy[ bmdb{ë`m ñQ>{Zb{g ñQ>rbÀ`m VmQ>mV Am{Vmd{ d 1.50 V{ 2.5 g|. _r. OmS>rMm Wa Úmdm d W§S> Pmë`mda hì`m Ë`m AmH$mamM{ VwH$S>{ H$ê$Z ßb°pñQ>H$ H$mJXmV Jw§S>mimd{V.

H±$S>r • H±$S>r V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Wm{S>{ V`ma/o[H$b{b{ oMHy$ dm[amd{V. [yU©[U{ o[H$b{b{ (X]b{ OmUma{) oMHy$ `mgmR>r dm[ê$ Z`{V. `m{½` \$im§Mr oZdS> H{$ë`mZ§Va \$im§Mr gmb MmHy$Z{ H$mTy>Z ¿`mdr d \$imÀ`m Cä`m ghm \$m{S>r H$amì`mV. `m \$m{S>r 70 oS>J«r o]«·g Q>r. Eg. Eg. Agb{ë`m gmIa{À`m [mH$mV Am{Vmì`mV. \$m{S>rMr Q>r. Eg. Eg. 70 oS>J«r o]«·g `{B©[`ªV Ë`m [mH$mV R>{dmì`mV. Z§Va \$m{S>r Ë`mVyZ H$mTy>Z 55-60 A§e g{pëgAg Vm[_mZmg 24 Vmg H°$o]Z{Q> S­>m`a_Ü`{ gwH$dmì`mV. gwH$ë`mZ§Va \$m{S>r [m°oboWZÀ`m o[edrV [°H$ H$ê$Z R>{dmì`mV. gd©gmYmaU[U{ EH$ oH$bm{ oMHy$[mgyZ 700 J«°_ EdT>r H±$S>r o_iV{. `m H±$S>rMm C[`m{J S­>m`\«y$Q²>g åhUyZ Mm§Jbm hm{D$ eH{$b.

dmiodb{ë`m \$m{S>r d [mdS>a • [na[¹$ Pmb{ë`m \$im§Mr gmb ñQ>{Zb{g ñQ>rbÀ`m MmHy$Z{ H$miOr[yd©H$ H$mT>mdr d Ë`m§À`m Cä`m \$m{S>r H$amì`mV. àoVoH$bm{ \$m{S>rg Xm{Z J«°_ `m à_mUmV Xm{Z Vmg J§YH$mMr Ywar Úmdr. Ë`mZ§Va `m \$m{S>r 55 V{ 60 A§e g{pëgAg Vm[_mZmbm H°$o]Z{Q> S­>m`a_Ü`{ qH$dm CÝhmV dmidmì`mV. `m dmib{ë`m \$m{S>r ßb°pñQ>H$À`m o[edrV ^ê$Z R>{dmì`mV. `m§Zm CÎm_ Md AgV{. `m \$m{S>r o_·ga_Ü`{ qH$dm J«mBªS>a_Ü`{ XiyZ Ë`mMr [mdS>a V`ma H$aVm `{V{. hr ^wH$Q>r EH$. o_. _r. oN>ÐmÀ`m MmiUrVyZ MmiyZ ¿`mdr d ßb°pñQ>H$ o[edrV ^ê$Z R>{dmdr. `m [mdS>aMm dm[a o_ëH$e{H$ V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aVm `{Vm{.

o_ëH$e{H$ • [yU©[U{ o[H$b{ë`m oMHy$À`m \$m{S>r H$ê$Z \$m{S>r o_·gaÀ`m gmømZ{ EH$Ord H$ê$Z ¿`mì`mV. Aem Vèh{Z{ EH$Ord H{$b{ë`m 60 J«°_ Jam_Ü`{ ([ë[) 100 J«°_ XyY d 30 J«°_ gmIa Q>mHy$Z h{ o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ ¿`md{ d erVJ¥hmV W§S> H$ê$Z `mMm AmñdmX ¿`mdm, Vg{M `m JamE{dOr dmiodb{ë`m \$m{S>r[mgyZ V`ma H{$b{br [mdS>agwÕm dm[ê$Z o_ëH$e{H$ V`ma H$aVm `{V{. `mgmR>r 7.5 J«°_ [mdS>a, 20 J«°_ gmIa d 100 J«°_ XyY h{ KQ>H$ EH$Ì o_giyZ Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ K{D$Z d W§S> H$ê$Z `mMm AmñdmX ¿`mdm.

AmB©ñH«$s_ • oMHy$À`m dmib{ë`m \$m{S>t[mgyZ V`ma H{$b{ë`m [mdS>a_Ü`{ [wT>rb KQ>H$ `m{½` à_mUmV K{D$Z, CÎm_ àH$maM{ AmB©ñH«$s_ V`ma H$aVm `{V{. oMHy$Mr [mdS>a 15 J«°_, XyY EH$ oH$bm{, gmIa 250 J«°_, XwYmMr ^wH$Q>r 175 J«°_, oOb{Q>rZ 5 J«°_ AmoU ìh°oZbm Bg{Ýg N>m{Q>m AYm© M_Mm.

- àm. odîUy Ja§S>{

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à`m{JmVyZ gdm}ËH¥$ï> hm[yg

 H{$di H$m{H$UmVM Zìh{, Va X{emdarb hdm_mZmVhr `m{½` V§ÌmMm Adb§] H$ê$Z CÎm_ XOm©Mm hm[yg Am§]m V`ma hm{D$ eH$Vm{, h{ ogÕ H$ê$Z [aewam_ [mQ>rb `m§Zr AoIb ^maVr` Am§]m àXe©ZmV àW_ [wañH$ma [Q>H$mdbm Amh{. Ë`m§À`m à`m{JerbV{Mr H$hmUr Ë`m§À`mM eãXm§V.

...... hm[yg Am§]m h{ H$m{H$UM{ d¡oeîQ>ç. V{Wrb hdm_mZ Ë`mbm Mm§Jb{ _mZdV{. X{emda hdm_mZmÀ`m g§H«$_U [Q²>Q>çm_Yrb hm[ygbm Mm§Jbm ñdmX, AmH$f©H$ a§J, AoYH$ H$mi oQ>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMr j_Vm Amh{. Ë`mMm oX_mI Ë`mZ{ [wÊ`mV 1995 _Ü`{ Pmb{ë`m AoIb ^maVr` Am§]m àXe©ZmV àW_ H«$_m§H$ o_idyZ ogÕ H{$bm Amh{, Va `§Xm bIZm¡_Ü`{ AoIb ^maVr` Am§]m àXe©ZmV 2496 Am§ã`m§_Ü`{ àW_ H«$_m§H$ o_idyZ [wÝhm EH$Xm Am[b{ dM©ñd XmIdyZ oXb{. åhUO{ H{$di H$m{H$UmVM Zìh{, Va X{emdarb hdm_mZmVgwÕm AË`§V XO}Xma hm[yg Am§]m V`ma hm{Vm{.

`m hm[yg Am§ã`mÀ`m bmJdS>rgmR>r _r AË`§V gw[rH$ d V{b§Jr a§JmMr H$gXma O_rZ oZdS>br. hr O_rZ AmR> _rQ>a Im{b Amh{. `m Oo_ZrMr Yy[ hm{V Zmhr. [mÊ`mMm CÎm_ oZMam hm{Vm{. _mÌ Oo_ZrMr ObYmaUmeº$s ^a[ya Amh{. AZ{H$ df} VmJmgmaIr ohadirMr IV{ Oo_ZrV JmS>ë`mZ{ Oo_ZrMm [m{V CÎm_ Amh{.

PmS>m§À`m Xm{Z Am{itVrb A§Va 10 _rQ>a d Xm{Z am{[m§Vrb A§Va 10 _rQ>a R>{db{ Amh{. Ë`m_wi{ PmS>m§Zm ^a[ya gy`©àH$me o_iVm{. gy`©àH$membm ]hma àoH«$`{V \$ma _hÎd Amh{. am{[{ bmJdS>rgmR>r EH$ _rQ>a bm§]r- é§Xr- Im{brM{ IÈ>{ K{Vb{. gw[rH$ _D$ _mVr ]mOybm R>{dbr d oZOud _mVr ]mOyg R>{dbr. IÈ>{ _{ _ohÝ`mV K{D$Z gy`©àH$memV Vm[V R>{db{. e{UIV d [mbm[mMm{im IS²>S>çmOdi Z{D$Z R>{dbm. hb·`m amZmVrb IS²>S>çmOdi JmimMr _mVr R>{dbr.

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Am§]m Mm¡ag [ÕVrZ{ bmdë`mZ{ ]mJ{V _bm Am§Vao[H{$ K{Vm `{VmV. ode{fV• oÛXb YmÝ`mMr Am§Vao[H{$ K{Vm{. O{U{H$ê$Z hr o[H{$ Am§]m o[H$mer ñ[Ym© H$arV ZmhrV. CbQ> Ë`m§À`m _wim§darb JmR>tVrb ZÌpñWarH$aU àoH«$`{Mm \$m`Xm ]mJ{g hm{Vm{. ha^am o[H$mVrb ZÌpñWarH$aU JmR>r d _wim§VyZ òdUmam EH$ àH$maMm òmd `m_wi{ O_rZ Va ^wg^werV hm{V{, [U Am§]m PmS>mbmhr Om{_ o_iVm{.

Am§]m PmS>mg ghO C[bãY hm{B©b Ag{ ohadirM{, VmJmM{ IV X{Vm{. Z§Va ha^am K{Vm{. Ë`mMm [naUm_ H$m{UV{hr amgm`oZH$ IV AWdm e{UIV Z X{Vmhr Am§]{ Mm§Jb{ ]haVmV. ]mJ ñdÀN> amhmV{. OyZbm [{ab{bm VmJ Am°JñQ>_Ü`{ e{VmV JmS>bm H$s Am°·Q>m{]a e{dQ>[`ªV åhUO{ ha^am [{a{[`ªV e{V Am§Va_emJVrbm _m{H$i{ amhmV{ d `m H$mimVrb Am°·Q>m{]aÀ`m CîUV{_wi{ ]hma àoH«$`m [yU© hm{V{. oS>g|]aÀ`m e{dQ>r _m{hm{a `{Vm{. Aem ohadirÀ`m IVm_wi{ BVam§À`m hm[yg Am§ã`m[{jm gd©JwUg§[Þ Am§]m V`ma hm{Vm{.

"og·g ]rE'gmaI{ g§OrdH$ Am°JñQ>À`m e{dQ>À`m [§YadS>çmV \$dmê$Z PmS>m§Mr dmT> H$ê$Z K{Vbr. Am[ë`mH$S>rb CîU-X_Q> hdm_mZmV Am§ã`mMr dmT> hm{Ê`mH$S>{ àd¥Îmr AoYH$ AgV{. W§S> d H$m{aS>çm hdm_mZmV Am§]{ dmT>V ZmhrV. IwaQ>{ amhVmV. hm[ygbm oZ`o_V ]ha AmUÊ`mgmR>r Am§]{ H$mT>b{ H$s hbH$s N>mQ>Ur H$aVm{. Ë`m_wi{ ZdrZ [mbdr `{V{. OyZ_Ü`{ ]m{Zo_b g|oÐ` IV odñVmamImbr Jm{bmH$ma MamVyZ X{Vm{. _mPr hm[yg]mJ oZ`o_V ]haV{, H$maU AÚm[ PmS>m§M{ d` ]mam dfmªM{ Amh{. [U VÁkm§M{ åhUU{ Amh{, H$s OyZ_Ü`{ hm[yg Am§ã`mbm Am[U IV X{Vm{ V{W{M [hmarZ{ o]i{ H$ê$Z H$ëQ>ma Úmd{. åhUO{ oZ`o_V ]ha `{Vm{. hm[yg Am§ã`mbm XojU{H$Sy>Z gy`©àH$mem_wi{ OmñV ]ha `{Vm{. ]hma àoH«$`{V gy`©àH$memM{ \$ma _hÎd Amh{, h{ _mÂ`m AZw^dmbm Amë`mZ{ gd© Am§]m PmS>m§V oXdgmVyZ EH$Xm Var gy`©àH$me J{bm [mohO{, Aer hbH$ser N>mQ>Ur H$aVm{. Am°·Q>m{]a-Zm{ìh|]a_Ü`{ [mD$g Ag{b Va _m{hm{a bdH$a `{V Zmhr. `mgmR>r Zm{ìh|]aÀ`m _Ü`mbm _r [m{Q>°oe`_ Zm`Q­>{Q> VrZ Q>¸{$ Vrd«V{M{ \$dmaVm{. Ë`m_wi{ 45 oXdgm§V ]hma àoH«$`m [yU© hm{D$Z _m{hm{a oXgy bmJVm{. _mJÀ`m dfu Am§]m ]mJ{Vrb VmJmVyZ gmitXamZ{ VrZ PmS>m§Mr Im{S>mMr gmb Im„r. Ë`m_wi{ Am§ã`m§Zm bdH$a d ^a[ya _m{hm{a Ambm. gmb H$mT>Ê`mZ{ _m{hm{a àoH«$`m hm{V{. [U PmS> dmi{b `m ^rVrZ{ Vg{ H$arV Zmhr. ]mJ{Vrb Am§Va[rH$ H$mabr _m§S>dmMr Vma EH$m PmS>mÀ`m Im{S>mg AmdiyZ ]m§Yë`mZ{ V{ PmS> Mm§Jb{ _m{hm{ab{. hm à`m{J AmUIr [mM PmS>m§da `m dfu H{$bm Amh{.

]mJ{Vrb H$sS>, am{Jmda àoV]§YH$ C[m` åhUyZ ]mJ{V ñdÀN>Vm R>{dVm{. ]m§Y ñdÀN> R>{dVm{. gy`©àH$me PmS>mÀ`m odñVmamImbr OmB©b h{ [mhmVm{. \$i_merÀ`m oZ`§ÌUmgmR>r o_WmB©b `woOZm°b gm[i{ Am§ã`mda Q>m§JyZ R>{dVm{. Jib{br \$i{ d{MyZ Zï> H$aVm{.

_m{hm{a `{Ê`mÀ`m AJm{Xa 15 oXdgm§[mgyZ V{ Am§]m bmJU Pmë`mZ§Va 15 oXdgm§[`ªV Am§ã`mdarb am{J d oH$S>rÀ`m ]§Xm{]ñVmgmR>r EHy$U [mM \$dmaÊ`m H$aVm{. Ë`mV EÊS>m{gë\$mZ, H$m]m©nab _m{Zm{H«$m{Q>m{\$m°g, J§YH$, ßb°Zm{o\$·g `wna`m 2 Q>¸{$ `m§Mm JaO{Zwgma dm[a H$aVm{.

XO}Xma hm[yg \$im§gmR>r ohadirÀ`m IVmMm dm[a \$ma Mm§Jbm. Ë`m_wi{ \$i{ BVam§[{jm AmR>dS>m^a OmñV oQ>H$VmV. \$im§Mr odaiUr H$aÊ`mZ{ amohb{br \$i{ _m{R>çm AmH$mamMr o_iVmV. gy`©àH$memÀ`m oH$_`{_wi{ \$im§Zm AmH$f©H$ e|Xar a§J `{Vm{. Mm¡Xm AmU{ [¹$V{Mr \$i{ PmS>m[mgyZ AbJX CVadVm{. X{R> R>{dyZ N>mQ>Ur H$aVm{. oMH$mMm S>mJ [S>Uma Zmhr `mMr XjVm K{Vm{. \$i{ Z Mm{idQ>Vm Am§ã`mÀ`m [më`mÀ`m W§S>mì`m_Ü`{ hma{ ^ê$Z AbJX ]mOmamV [mR>dVm{. _w§]B©Vrb oZ`m©VXma ì`m[mar [wÊ`mÀ`m ]mOma[{R>{V `{D$Z H$m¡eë`mZ{ hm[yg Am§ã`mMr [maI H$ê$Z _mÂ`m H$ÀÀ`m hm[yg Am§ã`mbm BVam§À`m o[H$b{ë`m hm[yg[{jm OmñV ^md obbmd [ÕVrZ{ X{D$Z Ia{Xr H$aVmV.

e{Vrodf`H$ _mohVr _r AmdOy©Z dmMVm{. BVam§À`m ]mJm [mhmVm{. ]mJm [mhÿZ ode{fV• Am§]m PmS>m§Mr pñWVr [mhÿZ, V{Wrb ì`dñWm[Z [mhÿZ Mm§Jë`m Jm{ï>r _mÂ`m ]mJ{V am]dVm{. Am§]m àXe©ZmMr VmarI g_Obr, H$s EH$ Q>¸$m odoeï> JwéËdmM{ R>m{H$i d e|Xar Am§]{ PmS>mdê$Z AbJX H$mTy>Z o[H$Ê`mg R>{dVm{. gmYmaU a§J Ambm H$s ì`dpñWV [°H$ H$ê$Z ]m°·g_Ü`{ R>{dyZ

g§[yU© [Îmm d Am§ã`mMr OmV obhÿZ ]m°·g C[g§MmbH$ (àogÕr od^mJ) `m§À`mH$S>{ X{Vm{. Am§ã`mMm AmH$ma, dOZ, a§J, Jaa§J, JamMm KÅ>[Um, gmbrMr OmS>r, Md, dmg, oQ>H$Ê`mMr j_Vm AmoU \$imMm oZam{Jr[Um `m gd© oZH$fm§Zm [na[yU© CVaUmè`m hm[yg Am§ã`mbm àW_ H«$_m§H$ o_iVm{. h{ _mÂ`m hm[yg Am§ã`mZ{ CÎma àX{emgma»`m Mm{I§Xi amÁ`mV AoIb ^maVr` Am§]m àXe©ZmV àW_ H«$_m§H$ [Q>H$mdyZ ogÕ H{$b{ Amh{.

(`m g§X^m©V AoYH$ _mohVrgmR>r [aewam_ J{ZwOr [mQ>rb, am. H$mgwS>u, [m{ñQ> - I{S>oedm[ya, Vm. ^m{a, oOëhm- [wU{ `m§À`mer g§[H©$ gmYmdm.)

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H{$i H$m§Vrd ê$[mQ>r N>m`m [mÊ`mV em{YV{'

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........ EH$ Va odoharbm [mUr _{_Ü`{ oH$Vr [waUma§ Amh{ Ë`m[{jm hOma-Xm{Z hOma H{$ir H$_r bmdmdr. O_rZ Im{bda Zm§JaU H$ê$Z e{UIV _mVrZ§ ^ê$Z ¿`mdr. ode{fV• gar Zm§JamZ§ \y$Q>-XrS> \y$Q> Im{b amhrb BVH$s Am{br H$ê$Z [wÝhm Xwgè`m§Xm Im{b H$amdr. h{ gmY§, [a§Vw _hÎdmM§ emó Amh{. ]{U§ ZmaimEdT>§ g_mZ, \$ma Z N>mQ>b{b§, V§Vw_wù`m§gh gmYmaU[U{ EH$ oH$bm{ dOZmM§ Agmd§. gat_Ü`{ bmdVmZm V{ [yU©[UmZ§ garda PmH$b§ Omd§. Ë`mbm ]mOyÀ`m _mVrZ§ g§[yU© PmH$b§ Omd§. OyZ-Owb¡À`m _¥J ]hamÀ`m `m bmdUrM§ CË[Þ 14 OmZ{dmar[`ªV H{$ir oZgdUma d Eoàb-_{_Ü`{ Mm§Jë`m ^mdmV odH«$sbm gwadmV hm{Uma. `m d{iM§ H{$irM§ dOZ - dmXm - \$Ur Mm§JbrM amhV{ åhUyZ ^mdhr AoYH$ o_iVm{. BVa e{VrÀ`m IMm©gmR>r H{$irÀ`m odH«$sMm _m{R>m C[`m{J hm{Vm{. H{$irÀ`m am{[m§Zm Owb¡-Am°JñQ>- gßQ>|]a_Ü`{ Xm{Z d{im Oar T>{[ d amgm`oZH$ o_l IVm§Mr _mÌm oXb{br Agbr Var Z¸$sM `m d{im[ÌH$mà_mU{ d ^mdmà_mU{ H{$irMr odH«$s hm{D$Z Cab{ë`m e{VrMm IM© d [m{V, Hw$Qw>§]mMm IM© gmdabm OmVm{. [mM-ghm oXdgm§V [mÊ`mMr [mir oXbr Omdr. \$ma Am{br- Am{ë`mda Am{br- VwSw>§] [mÊ`mMr H{$ir R>{dU§ AS>mUr[UmM§ Amh{. Vr H$m{aS>r ìhmdr d ^yH$ bmJmdr; VaM oZg]m CÎm_ CVaVm{, h{ gmY§ emógwÕm ZrQ> Z [mië`mZ§ H{$ir Xhm oH$bm{À`m AmV d hbH$s ^aV{.

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H{$ir OmñV [mÊ`m[{jm OmñV Am{ë`mì`mda OJV{ d ]haV{. oR>]H$ qgMZ_wi{ H{$irM§ CË[mXZ d ¹$mobQ>r dmT>V{ `mM§ H$maU H$_r [mUr. ZwgVm Am{bmdm d hdm V{dT>m H$m{aS>{[Um. 7'# 5' # 3' Aem A§VamM{, AmUIr d{Jd{Jù`m A§Vam§M{ à`m{J H{$irM{ e{VH$ar, emók H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mV H$aVmh{V. Ë`mV Á`mÀ`m-Ë`mÀ`m `em[`emMm AZw^d d{Jd{Jim Amh{. EH$_{H$m§Zm N>{X X{UmamgwÕm Amh{. oR>]H$ g§MmMr qH$_V H$_r H$ê$Z dm[amd`mMm ì`mdhmnaH$ ^mJgwÕm Ë`mV Amh{. h{ _r ]è`mM oR>H$mUr [mhÿZhr 5'# 5' oR>]H$da H$ê$Z J{ë`m dfu 99bm _mPr H{$ir XmQ> AgyZhr, OwÝ`mM [ÕVrZ§ AgyZhr _mM©_Ü`{ odH«$sbm gwê$ Pmbr; Am°JñQ>[`ªV gÎma Q>¸{$ g§[br. gm{im oH$bm{Mr gamgar dOZmMr amg Ambr. Mmae{Mm gamgar ]mOma o_imbm. BVam§Mr d{Jd{Jù`m A§VamVbr H{$ir oR>]H$ dm[ê$Z \$ma Coeam OyZ-Owb¡_Ü`{ gwê$ Pmbr. XhmMr amg Ambr. e{Vr d _mUgm[aËd{ h{ ]XbUma Amh{, h{ Ia§ Agb§ Var `m _mÂ`m A§VamV [§Mdrg oH$bm{Mr amg [mM-Xhm e{VH$è`m§H$S>{ _r [mohbr. BVH§$ H$mQ>{H$m{a H$aUma{ _r [mohb{. _J ]mOma H$_r Amb{ Var Ë`m§Mr VH«$ma ZìhVr, h{ CKS> Amh{. H$m§X{]hma H{$ir Am[ë`mH$S>{ e{V naH$m_§ hm{D$Z V`ma Pmë`mda W{Q> Am°·Q>m{]a, Zm{ìh|]a, oS>g|]a_Ü`{ H{$ìhmhr bmdVmV. Vr W§S>rV H$a[V{. am{[mMr ZrQ> dmT>M hm{D$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`mMm dmB©Q> [naUm_ [wT>rb dfuÀ`m g§[yU©arË`m dOZmV, CVmè`mV `{Vm{. _yJ VËg_ [rH$ K{D$Z 15 gßQ>|]a[`ªV H$m§X{]hma H{$ir bmdbr Va OyZ-Owb¡V Vr H$m[Urbm `{V{. CîUVm N>mZ Agë`mg ¹$mobQ>rMr d dOZmMr AgV{. Xm{Z \$Ê`m H$_r AgVrb; [a§Vw dOZ H$_r hm{V Zmhr. H$m{Ur OmZ{dmarV H{$ir bmdVm{. OyZMr H{$ir W{Q> Am°JñQ>[`ªV. `mM§ F$VwMH«$mer, oZgJm©er H$mhr ZmV§ Amh{, h{ [ma§[naH$ gË` d dmñVd Am[U odgaVm{. df©^amV H{$ìhmhr H{$ir h{ R>rH$ Amh{; [U ]am{]arbm oR>]H$ qgMZ d oQ>í`y H$ëMa am{[§, hr H$mimMr JaO Amh{. [a§Vw, Xm{Ýhr Jm{ï>r XO}Xma d odídmgmÀ`m [mohO{V. [mUr]MVr_wi{ j{Ì Xwß[Q> hm{V§. Q>mMUr ]m§YUr, ]maH$ar Agm _m{R>m IM© dmMVm{. ode{fV• amÌr [mUr bmdyZ oXb{b§ H{$irbm- H$m{UË`mhr \$im§Zm- OmñV C[H$maH$. Ë`mhr[{jm [ohë`m H{$irÀ`m PmS>mMm KS> oZKmë`mda EH$M H$m|] [wÝhm R>{dyZ ]mH$sM{ ]mX H$arV H{$irMm Im{S>dm Ë`mM oR>H$mUr H$_rV H$_r IMm©V d bdH$amV bdH$a K{Vm `{Vm{. Xm{Z dfmªV VrZ ]hma o_iVmV, hr gJù`mV _m{R>r H«$m§Vr. oH$_mZ Xm{Z Var ¿`md{V. AmOhr [mUr Amh{ Ë`m oR>H$mUr H{$irMm e{VH$ar AmYr H{$ir bmdUma; _J BVa o[H$m§Mm odMma H$aUma. Iè`m AWm©Z§ g_¥Õr X{Uma§ oZam{Jr H{$irM§ [rH$ ^maV^a hOmam{ dfmª[mgyZ Amh{. AmVm AoYH$ àJV Pmb§ Amh{. X{e-[aX{em§V [mR>odb§ OmV§M. Á`yg (ß`war) H$ê$Z OJ^a [mR>odUmam O¡Z CÚm{J, AmUIr H$mhr e{Vrer ]m§oYbH$s Agb{b{ e{VH$ar, H$maImZXma C^{ amhVmV, h{ gJi§M e{VrÀ`m Ñï>rZ§ Mm§Jb§. H{$ir g§em{YZ H|$ÐmH$S>{ AoYH$ bj oXb§; emgZmZ§, H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mZ§ Ë`mV Zd§ emó Zd§ dmU d V§ÌkmZ dm[ê$Z odH$ogV H{$b§ Va V{ [mohO{ Amh{. V{ Ë`m à_mUmV hm{V Zmhr. CbQ>, Xwb©jM hm{V§. H{$ir g§em{YZmVhr; VrM Jm{ï> oQ>í`y H$ëMa H{$irÀ`m am{[m§Mr. Ë`mVhr H¥$fr odÚm[rR>, emókm§M§ AoYH$moYH$ bj [mohO{. V{ åhUVmV- Ë`m g§em{YZmgmR>r [¡gm (?) Zmhr. `mMm AW©M Amåhm e{VH$è`m§Zm e{VH$è`m§À`m amÁ`mV H$Yr H$ib{bm Zmhr. Agm{. BW{ _bm \$º$ ì`mdhmnaH$ e{Vrodf`r gmY{[UmZ§ obhm`M§ Amh{.

Xm{Z-[mM EH$am§À`m W§S>Jma, em§V H{$irÀ`m ]JrÀ`mV EH$Q>{[Ur ]gm; gJi§ Xw•I hbH§$ hm{V§. àgÞ, em§V, EH$mJ«Vm `{V{. "`wJm§V', "ì`mg[d©', "ì`º$s-d„r', "MH«$', "àmMrZ JrV ^m§S>ma' Aer J«{Q> [wñVH§$ Hw$Umbmhr Z gm§JVm H{$irÀ`m ]JrÀ`mV b[yZ EH$mJ«V{Z{ dmMbr. naH$m_{ Jm{U[mQ>, Jm|YS>r, A§Wê$U AZ² W§S>Jma H{$ir.... EH$m§VmV oVbm S>m{i{ ^ê$Z [mhVmZm ]a§M H$mhr obohb§. oVZ§ AmZ§X, àgÞVm, gm¢X`© gd© H$mhr oXb§ AmoU OJÊ`mbm à{aUm oXbr; [¡gmhr oXbm.

- Zm. Ym|. _hmZm{a

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H$m§ÚmÀ`m MH$Ë`m  ( S>m°. amO|Ð [mQ>rb ) *************************** `wam{[r` X{em§V df©^a VmOm H$m§Xm C[bãY ZgVm{. Vg{M V{Wrb [mH$H¥$Vt_Ü`{ VmÁ`m H$m§Úm[{jm àoH«$`m H{$b{bm H$m§XmM àm_w»`mZ{ dm[abm OmVm{. V{ìhm [m§T>è`m d bmb H$m§Úmda àoH«$`m H$ê$Z MH$Ë`m V`ma H{$ë`m, Va Ë`mbm _m{R>r X{er d [aX{er ]mOma[{R> o_iy eH{$b. *************************** .......... ...... Xa Mma V{ ghm dfmªVyZ EH$Xm Iar[ d am§JS>m h§Jm_mV Iy[ _m{R>çm à_mUmda bmb H$m§ÚmMr bmJdS> hm{V{. Ë`m_wi{ OmXm AmdH$ Pmë`mZ{ ^md H$m{giVmV. e{VH$è`m§_Ü`{ Ag§Vm{f oZ_m©U Pmë`m_wi{ emgZmbm H$m§Xm Ia{Xr H$amdm bmJVm{ d Aem àM§S> à_mUmV Ia{Xr H{$b{ë`m H$m§ÚmMr odëh{dmQ> H$er bmdm`Mr, hm `jàíZ ^{S>gmdV amhVm{. Aem pñWVrMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mAmYr Am[U H$m§Xm gmR>dU d oZ`m©V `m§gma»`m C[m``m{OZm§Mm odMma H{$bm hm{Vm. `m b{ImV ZdrZ [`m©`mMm odMma H$ê$, Vm{ åhUO{ H$m§Úmda àoH«$`m H$ê$Z oZO©brH$aUmÛma{ Dehydration Zmed§V H$mÚm§M{ dmib{ë`m MH$Ë`m Onion flakes qH$dm [mdS>a_Ü`{ Onion powder ê$[m§Va H$aU{. 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Zmed§V H$m§ÚmMr VmVS>rZ{ ZmgmS>r am{IÊ`mMm H$m§Xm àoH«$`m hm EH$_{d C[m` Amh{. `m àoH«$`{M{ V§ÌkmZ \$mag{ Jw§VmJw§VrM{ Zgë`m_wi{, bKwCÚm{OH$m§Zm H$m§Xm àoH«$`{gmR>r àm{ËgmohV H{$b{, Va J«m_rU ^mJmV _m{R>çm à_mUmda VéUm§Zm am{OJma o_i{b; [a§Vw àoH«$`m Pmb{ë`m _mbmMr odH«$s AWdm odVaU, ñd`§g{dr qH$dm ghH$mar g§ñW{_m\©$V Pmë`mg, `m CÚm{JmM{ XyaJm_r [naUm_ oXgyZ `{Vrb. _ohbm§Zmhr `m CÚm{JmV _hÎdmM{ ñWmZ o_i{b. [m§T>è`m H$m§Úm[mgyZ CËH¥$ï> JwUdÎm{Mm _mb [aX{er (`wam{[r`) ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>odVm `{B©b, Va bmb H$m§Úm[mgyZ ]Zodb{ë`m H$m§ÚmÀ`m MH$Ë`m `m ^maVr` ]mOma[{R>{V, Vg{M BVa Amoe`mB© X{em§Vrb ]mOma[{R>{V [mR>odVm `{Vrb. Ag{ Pmb{ Va H$m§Xm o[H$mV H«$m§oVH$maH$ ]Xb g§^dVm{. H$maU Am[ë`m `{W{ bmb H$m§ÚmMr g_ñ`m Amh{. amhþar H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mVrb g§em{YZmdê$Z Ag{ AmT>iyZ Amb{ Amh{, H$s [m§T>è`m H$m§Úmà_mU{M bmb d o[dù`m H$m§Úm[mgyZgwÕm H{$di a§J gm{S>bm, Va V{dT>çmM Cƒ àVrÀ`m (ñdmX, Md, Hw$aHw$arV[Um d gmR>dUj_Vm) oZO©brH$aU H{$b{ë`m H$m§ÚmÀ`m MH$Ë`m V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. `wam{[r` X{em§V H{$di [m§T>è`m H$m§ÚmÀ`mM MH$Ë`m d [mdS>a [ma§[naH$ [ÕVrZ{ H$aVm `{V Agë`mZ{, V{W{ EH$ d{i bmb H$m§ÚmMm [`m©` ñdrH$maUma ZmhrV; [a§Vw ^maVr` C[I§S>mV _mÌ àmMrZ H$mim[mgyZ àm_w»`mZ{ bmb H$m§XmM dm[aVmV. gd© ^maVr` [mH$H¥$Vt_Ü`{ H$m§Xm hm bmbga hm{B©[`ªVM Vibm OmVm{. Ë`m_wi{ bmb H$m§Úm[mgyZ MH$Ë`m H$ê$Z, OmUrd[yd©H$ à`ËZ H{$ë`mg ^maVr` ]mOma[{R>{V H$m§ÚmÀ`m MH$Ë`m§Zm oZpíMV ñdê$[mM{ ñWmZ oZ_m©U hm{D$ eH$V{. `m_Ü`{ _w»` H$maU åhUO{ AbrH$S>{ Am¡Úm{oJH$ eham§_Ü`{ d{i{A^mdr PQ>[Q> [mH$H¥$Vt_Ü`{ bjUr`arË`m dmT> Pmb{br Amh{. Ë`mMà_mU{ ]è`mM [mH$H¥$VtV Vib{ë`m H$m§ÚmMm Hw$aHw$arV[Um AoVe` _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVm{. CXm. o]`m©Ur, ìh{oOQ>{]b [wbmd dmT>VmZm Ë`mda Hw$aHw$arV Vib{bm H$m§Xm [gê$Z R>{dbm OmVm{. Vg{M H$m§ÚmMr ^Or, H$m§Xm CÎmß[m d oMdS>çm_Ü`{ H$m§ÚmMm Hw$aHw$arV[Um AoVe` [naUm_H$maH$ AgVm{. Aem [mH$H¥$Vt_Ü`{ Vib{bm H$m§Xm Hw$aHw$arV qH$dm H$S>H$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _§X A¾rda ]amM d{i V{bmV Vimdm bmJVm{. `mgmR>r d{i d V{b OmXm à_mUmV bmJV{. Vg{M OmXm Vib{b{ [XmW© àH¥$Vrg hmoZH$maH$ AgVmV. `mCbQ> dmib{ë`m MH$Ë`m Aem [mH$H¥$Vt_Ü`{ dm[aë`m, Va Iy[ H$_r d{imV d AoVe` Aë[ V{bmV Hw$aHw$arV d I_§J [XmW© V`ma hm{D$ eH$Vm{. `m_Ü`{ ode{fV• _gmbm CÚm{OH$m§Zr bj KmVb{ d XyaXe©Zdarb OmohamVtMr [naUm_H$maH$Vm J¥hrV Yabr, Va ^maVr` ]mOma[{R>{V dmib{ë`m bmb H$m§ÚmÀ`m MH$Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ oZ_m©U H$aÊ`mV ode{f AS>MU ^mgUma Zmhr. Ë`mM]am{]a J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ghH$mar gmIa H$maImÝ`m§Zm H$m§Xm oZO©brH$aU `m{OZm am]odÊ`mgmR>r àm{ËgmohV H{$b{ d e{VH$è`m§Zm Cgm_Ü`{ [m§T>è`m H$m§ÚmM{ Am§Va[rH$ K{Ê`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©Z H{$b{, Va _hmamï­>mV H$m§Xm oZO©brH$aUmMm ì`dgm` geº$[U{ C^m amhÿ eH{$b d AoVnaº$ dmT>rd H$m§Xm CË[mXZmMr g_ñ`m ]è`mM A§er gwQy> eH{$b. `m gd© [`m©`r ]m]tMm e{VH$ar, CÚm{OH$ d emgZmZ{ odMma H$ê$Z H$m§Xm oZO©brH$aUmgmR>r à`ËZ H$amd`mg hd{V. Ë`mMà_mU{ oZO©brH$aUmgmR>r C[`wº$ AgUmam d amhþar H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mZ{ Zì`mZ{ odH$ogV H{$b{bm "\w$b{ g\{$X' hm dmU AoYH$moYH$ e{VH$è`m§[`ªV [m{ModÊ`mgmR>r ImgJr Zm_d§V o]`mU{ H§$[Ý`m§Zr _m{R>çm à_mUmda ]rOm{Ë[mXZmMm H$m`©H«$_ hmVr K{D$Z, Iar[ d am§JS>m h§Jm_mgmR>r e{VH$è`m§Zm Vm{ C[bãY H$ê$Z oXbm, Va H$m§Xm ]mOma[{R>{V bmb H$m§ÚmMr AmdH$ _`m©oXV amhÿZ, [m§T>am H$m§Xm àoH«$`{gmR>r qH$dm BVa ]mOma[{R>{gmR>r dm[aVm `{B©b. [m§T>è`m H$m§Úmbm gÜ`m \$maer _mJUr Zgë`mZ{, amhþar H¥$fr odÚm[rR>mVhr "\w$b{ g\{$X' `m OmVrM{ ]rOm{Ë[mXZ AoVe` _`moXV à_mUmV K{Vb{ OmV{. V{ìhm "\w$b{ g\{$X' `m OmVrÀ`m o]`m§H$naVm "H$m§Xm [¡XmgH$ma' AWdm "dnað> ^mOr[mbm [¡XmgH$ma', CÚmZodÚm od^mJ, _hmË_m \w$b{ H¥$fr odÚm[rR>, amhþar `m§À`mH$S>{ AmJmD$ a¸$_ ^ê$Z _mJUr Zm|Xodë`mg d{i{da o]`mU{ C[bãY H$ê$Z X{Vm `{B©b. - S>m°. amO|Ð [mQ>rb ********************************************

Amåhr e{Vr CË[mXZmV _mJ{ H$m?
OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma H$amamM{ AmìhmZ
...... Am§Vaamï­>r` e{Vr H$amam§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm _r AZ{H$m§er MMm© H{$br, Ë`mVyZ _r `m oZU©`màV Ambm{ Amh{, H$s Am[U BVa AZ{H$ _wX²Úm§Mm ]mJwb]wdm H{$bm Amh{. AÝ` gd© _wX²Úm§[{jm ^maVr` e{VrÀ`m CË[mXH$V{À`m _wX²Úm§Zm AoYH$ àmYmÝ` Úm`bm hd{. Am[ë`m e{Vr CË[mXZm§Mm odMma H{$ë`mg Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{, H$s Am[U gd©M e{Vr CË[mXZmV OJmÀ`m CË[mXH$V{À`m VwbZ{Z{ Iy[M, åhUO{ drg dfmªZr _mJ{ Amhm{V. .......
....... H$mhr à_wI o[H$m§Mm odMma H{$bm, Va Ag{ oXgV{, H$s Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi, H$m[yg AmoU ^wB©_yJ `m§M{ Am[ë`mH$S>rb àoVh{·Q>ar CË[mXZ AË`ë[ Amh{. OJmVrb OmñVrV OmñV CË[mXZ H$aUmè`m X{em§À`m VwbZ{V Am[ë`mH$S>rb `m o[H$m§M{ CË[mXZ O{_V{_ EH$ V¥Vr`m§e Amh{. hr CË[mXH$Vm [mhVm AmoU BVahr o[H$m§]m]V VwbZm H{$br, Va oMÌ g_mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr. Am[ë`m CË[mXZm§Mm IM© OmñV Agë`mZ{ OmJoVH$ ñ[Y}V Am[b{ ñWmZ ZJÊ` R>aV{. Am[U Oar Am`mV-OH$mVr (EE_Eg - A°oJ«_|Q> _{Oa ñ[m{Q>²©g), X{em§VJ©V e{Vr gmømM{ à_mU d BVa AZ{H$ AZwXmZ{ X{D$ H{$br, Var Am[U _m{R>{ ñ[Y©H$ R>ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

odH$ogV X{em§VyZ Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi, ^wB©_yJ, H$m[yg, gmIa, V{b, XyY hr BVa X{em§VyZ ^maVmV Am`mV hm{Umar CË[mXZ{ ^maVr` CË[mXZm[{jm ñdñV amhUma Amh{V, Ë`m_wi{ Ë`m§Mr Am`mV hm{V amhrb. Ë`m§Zm Vm|S> Úm`M{, Va ^maVr` e{VrMr CË[mXH$Vm dmT>odÊ`mÀ`m _wX²Úm§da ^a Úmd`mg [mohO{. e{VrÀ`m oH$\$m`Vera ì`m[mamMr hr bT>mB© OmJoVH$ ì`m[ma g§KQ>Z{er dmX H$ê$Z o_Q>Uma Zmhr, Va Vr CË[mXH$V{À`m dmT>rgmR>r X{emVM I{imdr bmJ{b. `mgmR>r emgZmZ{ CË[mXZdmT>rgmR>r [wT>rb gwodYm H$ê$Z X{U{ JaO{M{ Amh{.

Am[ë`m X{emVrb O_rZYmaU{Mm AmH$ma hm AmoW©H$ÑîQ>çm [adS>Umam Zmhr. bhmZ d odIwab{br e{Vr hr e{VH$è`m§À`m XmnaÐçmM{ _hÎdmM{ H$maU Amh{. ^maVmV 0.2 h{·Q>a YmaU j{Ì Amh{. X{emV Jhÿ, Vm§Xyi `m§À`m ZdrZ OmVr g§em{YZmZ{ em{YÊ`mV Amë`m, Ë`m_wi{ 1966 V{ 1969 `m H$mimV Wm{S>r àJVr Pmbr; [a§Vw Ë`mZ§Va g§em{YZmM{ H$m_ R>ß[ Pmb{. IVm§À`m ]m]VrV Iy[M OmJ¥Vr H$amd`mg hdr.

Am[U Xa h{·Q>ar 76 oH$bm{ IV dm[aVm{. XojU H$m{na`m 405 oH$bm{, Z{Xab±S> 315 oH$bm{, ]{pëO`_ 275 oH$bm{, O[mZ 380 oH$bm{ IV dm[aVmV. Am[U _mÌ IVm§Mm dm[a H$_r H$aVm{. åhUO{ [`m©`mZ{ [mÊ`mMm A[ì`` H$aVm{. dZñ[Vr d H$sQ>H$ `m_wi{ Xa dfu Am_M{ [mM hOma H$m{Q>r é[`m§M{ ZwH$gmZ hm{V{. Ë`mgmR>r Amåhr e§^a V{ gìdme{ H$m{Q>r é[`{ oH$_VrMr H$sQ>H$ZmeH{$ dm[aVm{. odH$ogV X{em§V h{·Q>ar 16 oH$bm{ H$sQ>H$ZmeH$m§Mm dm[a H{$bm OmVm{, _mÌ ^maVmV V{ \$º$ 310 J«°_ dm[ab{ OmV{. A[wa{ CË[mXZ, A[wa{ kmZ, oZéËgmhr e{VH$ar, OmñVrÀ`m oH$_Vr `m gdmªMm [naUm_ CË[mXH$V{da hm{Vm{.

e{Vr CË[mXZ d CË[mXH$Vm hr [mÊ`mÀ`m C[bãYV{da Adb§]yZ AgV{. "Mmëg© Q­>°ìh{ob`Z' `m emókm§À`m _V{ ^maVmV [mUr[wadR>m CÎm_ Amh{; _mÌ Ë`mMm dm[a Oo_Zrg ZrQ>Z{Q>H$m hm{V Zmhr. Vgm Vm{ Pmbm, Va Oo_ZtMr CË[mXH$Vm ghm [Q>tZr dmT>{b. Am[ë`m X{emV [mUr[wadR>çmÀ`m òm{Vm§_Ü`{ H$mbd{ 17 Q>¸{$, odohar 30 Q>¸{$, Vir 3 Q>¸{$, BVa 4 Q>¸{$ Aer od^mJUr Amh{.

X{emVrb qgMZmM{ à_mU O[mZ_Ü`{ 55 Q>¸{$, MrZ_Ü`{ 46 Q>¸{$, Va ^maVmV 18 Q>¸{$ Amh{. ^maVr` e{VH$ar H$Om©V OÝ_Vm{, dmT>Vm{ AmoU _aVm{hr. 90 Q>¸{$ e{VH$ar H$O©]mOmar Amh{. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>rb e{VrMr AdOma{ AOyZhr [a§[amJVM Amh{; _mÌ X{e [ewYZm]m]V lr_§V Amh{. OJmÀ`m EH$ MVwWmªe [ewYZ Am[ë`m X{emV Amh{; _mÌ H$m`©j_V{V V{ oZîH¥$ï> Amh{. J{ë`m 90 dfmªV e{Vrdarb ^ma 70 Q>¸{$ amohbm Amh{. Vm{ [míMmÎ` X{em§V H{$di ghm Q>··`m§[{jm H$_r Amh{.

Mhm, H$m°\$s, gmIa, Vm§Xyi, Jhÿ, H$mOy, _gmë`mM{ [XmW©, Am§]{, Ðmj{, VmJ d Ë`mM{ C[[XmW© Aem ]m]VrV Am[U oZ`m©V H$ê$ eH$Vm{. Ë`m Ñï>rZ{ emgZ, H¥$fr odÚm[rR>{, e{VH$ar `m§Zr odMma H{$bm [mohO{. Am[br CË[mXH$Vm dmT>odbr [mohO{, Ag{ Am[U åhUVm{. V{ìhm Amåhr EHy$U CË[mXZmV OJmV Xwgè`m H«$_m§H$mM{ Amhm{V, h{hr bjmV ¿`m`bm hd{; [U EHy$U CË[mXZ AmoU CË[mXH$Vm `m§]m]VrV oMÌ H$g{ odf_ Amh{ h{ Imbrb AmH$S>{dmardê$Z ñ[ï> hm{V{.

AÞYmÝ` CË[mXH$V{]m]V ^maV d MrZ `m§À`mV VwbZm H{$br, Va Ag{ oXgV{, H$s ^maVmMr AÞYmÝ` CË[mXH$Vm gmV Q>¸{$, Va MrZMr 52 Q>¸{$ Amh{. Ádmar, ]mOar, _H$m `m_Yrb ^maVmMr CË[mXH$Vm 65 Q>¸{$, Va MrZMr e§^a Q>¸{$ Amh{. JìhmV ^maVmMr CË[mXH$Vm 46 Q>·H{$, Va MrZMr 1100 Q>¸{$ Amh{ AmoU Vm§XimV ^maVmMr CË[mXH$Vm 63 Q>¸{$, Va MrZMr e§^a Q>¸{$ Amh{. (hr gd© AmH$S>{dmar Aem{H$ JwbmQ>r `m§À`m g§H$bZmVrb Amh{.)

darb gd© _wÔ{ bjmV K{Vb{, Va ^maVr` e{VrMr CË[mXH$Vm H$_r amohë`mM{ oXgV{. `m gd© àíZm§Mr XIb e{Vr g§]§oYV gd© g§KQ>Zm-g§ñWm, H¥$fr odÚm[rR>{, amÁ`H$V}, bm{H$àoVoZYr `m§Zr ¿`md`mg hdr. CË[mXH$V{Vrb darb AS>ga h{ X{em§VJ©V Amh{V. Ë`mgmR>r ZdrZ V§ÌkmZmMr OmU AgUmam OmUVm e{VH$ar C^m H{$bm [mohO{. Ë`mgmR>r gdm©WmªZr à`ËZ hm{U{ JaO{M{ Amh{.

- e§H$aamd H$m{ëh{
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H{$ù`m§M{ C[[XmW©  ( S>m°. H$. C. g§Kdr ) ...... H{$ù`m§[mgyZ AZ{H$ oQ>H$mD$ [XmW© d bJ{M ImÊ`mM{ [XmW© V`ma hm{D$ eH$VmV. h{ [XmW© ]Zodë`mg e{VH$è`m§Zm Mm§Jbm \$m`Xm hm{B©b. H{$irM{ \$iM Zìh{, Va H{$irM{ Im{S> d [mZm§[mgyZhr AZ{H$ [XmW© V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. `m [XmWmªMr _mohVr `m b{ImV oXbr Amh{. ......... ....... H{$irM{ H$m[ • AmVm ]Q>mQ>çmÀ`m d{\$g©à_mU{ H{$itÀ`m d{\$g©Zmhr ^a[ya _mJUr `{D$ bmJbr Amh{. Ë`mgmR>r H$m{UË`mhr OmVrMr H{$ir MmbVmV. H$ƒr H{$ir Am{ë`m \$S>·`mZ{ [wgyZ ¿`mdrV. gmb H$mT>ë`mZ§Va gwarZ{ Ë`m§M{ Jm{b-[mVi H$m[ H$amd{V. h{ H$m[ ñQ>{Zb{g ñQ>rbÀ`m MmHy$Z{ qH$dm gwarZ{ H$amd{V. qH$dm _erZÀ`m gmømZ{ H$amd{V. gmÜ`m MmHy$Z{ H$m[ H{$ë`mg V{ H$mi{ [S>VmV. h{ H$m[ q[JQ> [Sy> Z`{ åhUyZ 0.1 Q>¸$m gm`oQ­>H$ A°ogS>À`m (qb]y [mdS>a) ÐmdUmV qH$dm Q>mQ>m©naH$ A°ogS>À`m ÐmdUmV ]wS>dyZ ¿`md{V. H$m[ ÐmdUmVyZ ]mh{a H$mTy>Z ñdÀN> [mÊ`mZ{ Ywdmd{V. Z§Va V{ ]m§]yÀ`m Q­>{da CÝhmV [gamd{V. `m H$m[m§Zm J§YH$mMr Ywar Úmdr. Z§Va h{ H$m[ EH$ Va CÝhmV qH$dm S­>m`a_Ü`{ dmidmd{V. H$m[ dmidVmZm ]mh{arb Am{bmì`mMm ñ[e© hm{Uma Zmhr `mMr XjVm ¿`mdr. hm{_ S­>m`a_Ü`{ Vm[_mZ 60 A§e g{pëgAg> Agmd{. KaJwVr [ÕV åhUO{ H$ÀÀ`m H{$irM{ H$m[ V{bmV ViyZ d{\$g© H$amd{V. h{ d{\$g© ]Q>mQ>çmÀ`m d{\$g©à_mU{ V{bmV ViyZ ImVmV qH$dm dmib{b{ H$m[ ViyZ Ë`mM{ [rR> V`ma H$aVmV. h{ [rR> JìhmÀ`m o[R>mV o_giVmV. gwH{$ir • gwH{$irgmR>r VmOr, o[H$b{br [U Q>UH$ \$i{ ¿`mdrV. A[¹$ AJa OmñV o[H$b{br \$i{ gwH{$ir ]ZodÊ`mg A`m{½` AgVmV. H{$ir W§S> [mÊ`mV YwD$Z, gm{byZ C^r AJa AmS>dr oMê$Z àË`{H$ H{$ù`mM{ 2-2 H$m[ H$aVmV. gm{byZ H$m[b{br \$i{ Q­>{da ZrQ> bmdyZ Q­>{ Ywar X{Ê`mÀ`m Im{brV AJa H$[mQ>mV R>{dVmV. gmYmaUV• 10 oH$bm{ H{$irgmR>r 25 J«°_ J§YH$ Ywar X{Ê`mgmR>r dm[aVmV. hr H{$ir AYm© Vmg[`ªV J§YH$mÀ`m YwarV amhÿ X{VmV. Ywar X{VmZm AmЩVm amhmdr åhUyZ Ë`m oR>H$mUr [mUr R>{dU{ Amdí`H$ AgV{. `m Ywar_wi{ H{$ir oQ>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV hm{V{. H{$itZm AmH$f©H$ gm{Z{ar o[dir N>Q>m `{V{. Ywar oXë`mZ§Va H{$ir H$m{dù`m CÝhmV dmiodVmV. CÝhmV dmiodVmZm Ë`m§Zm [mVi _b_bÀ`m H$m[S>mZ{ PmH$md{. Ë`m_wi{ Ë`m§À`mda Yyi ]gUma Zmhr d Vr H$mir [S>Uma ZmhrV. Ë`moedm` oS>hm`S­>{Q>a_Ü`{ Vr gwadmVrg 60 A§e g{pëgAg Vm[_mZmbm dmiodVmV. gw_ma{ 15 Vmgm§Z§Va Vm[_mZ H$_r H$aVmV. gwH$odÊ`mMr hr oH«$`m 53.5 A§e g{pëgAg> Vm[_mZmbm [war H$aVmV. `m gwH$odÊ`mÀ`m oH«$`{_wi{ \$i{ Xm{Z- VrZXm [mbQ>mdr bmJVmV. Aem arVrZ{ V`ma Pmb{br gwH{$ir CKS>çmda R>{dë`mg Vr PQ>[Q> Iam] hm{VmV. Ë`mH$naVm hr H$mM{À`m ]§X ]mQ>brV qH$dm [m°oboWZÀ`m H$mJXmV Jw§S>miyZ R>{dmdrV. amO{ir OmVrMr gwH{$ir Mm§Jbr hm{V{. grb]§X S>ã`mVrb [mH$odb{br H{$ir • Mm§Jë`m OmVrÀ`m o[H$b{ë`m H{$irM{ H$m[ gmIa{À`m [mH$mV KmbyZ hdm]§X S>ã`mV gmR>odVm `{VmV. o[H$b{br (OmñV o[H$b{br ZH$m{) H{$ir `mH$naVm oZdSy>Z Ë`m§Mr gmb H$mTy>Z ñQ>{Zb{g ñQ>rbÀ`m MmHy$Z{ Ë`m§M{ H$m[ H$amd{V. EH$m ñQ>rbÀ`m [mV{ë`mV 25-30Q>¸{$ gmIa{Mm [mH$ d 2 Q>¸{$ qb]y [mdS>aM{ ÐmdU ¿`md{. H{$irM{ VwH$S>{ oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m H°$Z_Ü`{ (S>ã`mV) ^amd{V. Ë`mda darbà_mU{ V`ma H{$b{bm gmIa{Mm Ja_ [mH$ S>ã`mÀ`m daÀ`m H$mR>m[mgyZ [md B§M gm{Sy>Z ^amdm. Ag{ ^ab{b{ S>]{ Ja_ [mÊ`mZ{ ^ab{ë`m [gaQ> ^m§S>çmV R>{dmd{. Ë`m_wi{ S>ã`mVrb hdm oZKyZ OmB©b. Z§Va h{ S>]{ H°$Z ogba _erZÀ`m gmømZ{ grb]§X H$amd{V. Ë`mZ§Va grb]§X H{$b{b{ h{ H°$Z oZOªVwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r à{ea Hw$H$a_Ü`{ 20 V{ 25 o_oZQ>{ R>{dmd{V. Ë`mZ§Va h{ S>]{ [mÊ`mV W§S> H$ê$Z H$m{aS>çm d W§S> OmJr R>{dmd{V. H{$irMr ^wH$Q>r • o[H$b{ë`m H{$irÀ`m JamVrb [mÊ`mMm A§e H$mTy>Z H{$irMr ^wH$Q>r V`ma H$aVmV. hr ^wH$Q>r Z§Va hdm]§X S>ã`mV ^aVmV. o]pñH$Q>{, bhmZ _wbm§M{ S>ã`mVrb AÞ, AmB©ñH«$s_ `m_Ü`{ H{$irMr ^wH$Q>r dm[aVmV. `m ^wH$Q>rbm ^a[ya _mJUr Amh{. Ë`m[mgyZ [aH$s` MbZhr o_iy eH{$b. H{$ir - [[B©À`m o_lUmM{ [m[S> • H{$ir AmoU [[B© `m§À`m o_lUm[mgyZ [m[S> V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. `mgmR>r H{$ir d [[B© `m§Mm Ja 1•4 à_mUmV ¿`mdm. o[H$b{br H{$ir ¿`mdr. Ë`m§Mr gmb H$mT>mdr. Z§Va gmb H$mT>b{br H{$ir 1.5 Q>¸{$ [m{Q>°oe`_ _{Q>°]m` gë\$mBS>À`m ÐmdUmV 5 o_oZQ>{ ]wS>dyZ R>{dmdrV. Z§Va Xm{Ýhr \$im§Mm Ja EH$Ord H$ê$Z ¿`mdm. hm EH$Ord Pmb{bm Ja Q­>{_Ü`{ qH$dm ñQ>rbÀ`m VmQ>mV 1.5 g|. _r. OmS>rMm Wa hm{B©b `m ]{VmZ{ Q>mH$mdm. Z§Va CÝhmV dmidmdm. Ja VmQ>mV qH$dm Q­>{_Ü`{ Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m AJm{Xa Q­>{bm qH$dm VmQ>m§Zm p½bgarZ qH$dm Vy[ Mm{iyZ ¿`md{. åhUO{ [m[S> oMH$Q>Uma ZmhrV. H{$ir- [[B©M{ h{ o_l [m[S> \$maM Mm§Jb{ hm{VmV. o[H$b{ë`m H{$itM{ BVa [XmW© • H{$irMm ag H$mT>Vm `{Vm{ `mda Am[bm odídmg ]gUma Zmhr; [a§Vw H{$irMm aghr H$mhr odoeï> àH$maM{ OrdmUy dm[ê$Z oZKy eH$Vm{. H{$irMm àm`m{oJH$ VÎdmda ag 1965-66 _Ü`{ gwàogÕ \$i]mJ VÁk (H¡$.) Zm. A§. \$S>Urg `m§Zr V`ma H{$bm hm{Vm. I{arO H{$ir[mgyZ O°_, Jm{R>db{b{ H$m[, pìhZ{Jma, Q>m°\$s, O{br, _wam§]{, AëH$m{hm{obH$ [{` (_Ú`wº$ [{`), [war h{ [XmW©hr V`ma H$aVmV. [war åhUO{ o[H$b{ë`m H{$irMm Ja oZOªVwH$ H$ê$Z grb]§X S>ã`mV ^ê$Z R>{dVmV. Ë`mV H$m{R>b{hr oàPìh}oQ>ìh qH$dm gmIa qH$dm gmIa{Mm [mH$ dm[arV ZmhrV. ñQ>mM© • H{$ir oZ`m©V H$aUmè`m XojU d _Ü` A_{naH$Z X{em§V H$ÀÀ`m H{$ir[mgyZ ñQ>mM© V`ma H$aÊ`mM{ H$maImZ{ Amh{V. ]gamB© OmVrÀ`m H$ÀÀ`m H{$irV 48 Q>¸{$ ñQ>mM© AgV{. H{$irÀ`m Im{S>mVgwÕm 8 V{ 8.5 Q>¸{$ ñQ>mM© AgV{. ^maVmV 1957 _Ü`{ H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ ñQ>mM© ]ZodÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambm; [U Ë`mV `e Amb{ Zmhr. KS> H$mT>ë`m[mgyZ Xm{Z oXdgm§À`m AmV Im{S>m[mgyZ ñQ>mM© H$mT>bm [mohO{, Zmhr Va Ë`mVrb ñQ>mM©M{ à_mU H$_r hm{V{.        H{$ir[mgyZ _Ú d AëH$m{hm{b • H{$ir[mgyZ _Ú d AëH$m{hm{bhr ]ZodVm `{V{. OZmdam§M{ ImÚ • ^maVmV d H{$ir o[H$dUmè`m BVa X{em§V MmamQ>§MmB©À`m H$mimV H{$irM{ Im{S> d [mZ{ OZmdam§M{ ImÚ åhUyZ dm[aVmV. H{$irÀ`m o[R>mMm dm[a e{ù`m, Sw>H$a{ d H$m|]S>çm `m§Zm ImÚ åhUyZ hm{Vm{. o\$br[rÝg AmXr X{em§V Iam], H$ÀÀ`m H{$irM{ CÝhmV dmib{b{ H$m[ O[mZ d V¡dmZ X{em§V oZ`m©V H{$b{ OmVmV. V{W{ Ë`m§Mm C[`m{J OZmdam§M{ ImÚ åhUyZ H$aVmV. dm`m J{b{ë`m H{$irM{ gm`b{O H$aÊ`mMr oe\$mag H$aVmV. H$ÀÀ`m, dm`m J{b{ë`m H{$irÀ`m \$im§À`m Wamda H°$boe`_ H$m]m©BS> dm[aVmV. Ë`mbm dê$Z ßb°pñQ>H$ H$[S>çmZ{ PmH$VmV. H{$ir Za_ Pmë`mda Ë`m§M{ VwH$S>{ H$ê$Z IS>çmV Q>mHy$Z H$mù`m [m°obWrZ [{[aZ{ PmHy$Z _mVr Q>mH$VmV. ghm AmR>dS>çmZ§Va V{ Sw>H$am§Zm ImÚ åhUyZ X{VmV. H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ oàé_{Z h{ [ewImÚ ]ZodVmV. Im{S>mMm C[`m{J • H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ MH$MH$sV YmJm V`ma H$aVm `{Vm{. `m Ym½`m[mgyZ ododY dñVy ]ZodVm `{VmV. OiJmd_Yrb H¥$fr odkmZ H|$ÐmV ([mb) H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ YmJm H$mTy>Z Ë`m[mgyZ oZaoZamù`m àH$maM{ dm°b o[g{g, Q>m{[ë`m, âbm°da [m°Q> BË`mXr dñVy ]ZdyZ Ë`m§M{ g§J«hmb` H{$b{ Amh{. `moedm` H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ H$mJX, [wÇ>m `m§Mrhr oZo_©Vr hm{V{. Im{S>mVrb agmMm C[`m{J a§J V`ma H$aÊ`mH$naVm H$aVmV. H{$irM{ Im{S> gS>dyZ Ë`m[mgyZ CÎm_ IVhr V`ma hm{V{. H{$irÀ`m Im{S>m[mgyZ H§$[m{ñQ> IV d Jm§Sy>i IVhr V`ma H$aVmV. - S>m°. H$. C. g§Kdr ********************************************

JwbH§$X, AÎma d O{brhr
 ( àm. odîUy Ja§S>{,S>m°. E_. Q>r. [mQ>rb )
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Jwbm]mÀ`m \w$bm§[mgyZ AÎma, Jwbm][mUr `m]am{]aM JwbH§$X, O°_, O{br, Jwbm]mgd h{ ImÚ [XmW© V`ma H$aVm `{VmV. `m àoH«$`m`wº$ [XmWmªgmR>r R>amodH$ OmVtMmM C[`m{J H{$bm OmVm{.
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...... \w$bm§_Ü`{ Jwbm]mbm \$ma daM{ ñWmZ Amh{. `m EH$_{d \w$bmMm dm[a ImÊ`mgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{. gwJ§oYV Jwbm]mÀ`m OmVr[mgyZ AÎma d Jwbm][mUr H$mT>b{ OmV{. Vg{M Ë`m§À`m [mH$ù`m§Mm C[`m{J JwbH§$X, O°_, O{br, Jwbm]mgd BË`mXr [XmW© V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{. Jwbm]mÀ`m gd©M OmVt[mgyZ àoH«$`m`wº$ [XmW© ]ZodVm `{V ZmhrV. `mgmR>r Jwbm]mÀ`m R>amodH$ OmVtMmM C[`m{J H$aVmV. ^maVmV àm_w»`mZ{ ES>dS>© (]m]m}oZ`mZm), X_mñH$g d g|oQ>\$m{ob`m (H°$]{O) BË`mXr OmVtMmM C[`m{J àoH«$`m`wº$ [XmW© V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{. `m OmVtMr \w$b{ AmH$mamZ{ _m{R>r, a§JmZ{ Jwbm]r V{ o\$¸$Q> Jwbm]r AmoU gwdmogH$ AgVmV.

A) ImÚ[XmW©
1) JwbH§$X • Jwbm]mÀ`m am{Pm S>°_g{Zm, am{Pm Mm`Z{Ýgrg, am{Pm J°obH$m, am{Pm [m{o_\{$am d ES>dS>©gma»`m AÝ` gwdmogH$ OmVtMm JwbH§$XmgmR>r dm[a H$aVmV. `mgmR>r oZdS>b{ë`m Jwbm]mÀ`m \w$bm§À`m [mH$ù`m d{Jù`m H$ê$Z Am{ë`m \$S>·`mZ{ ñdÀN> [wgyZ ¿`mì`mV. [mH$ù`m AI§S> K{Vë`m Var MmbVmV qH$dm oMê$Z K{Vë`m Var MmbVmV. `m [mH$ù`m§À`m dOZmÀ`m Xwß[Q> gmIa K{D$Z [mH$ù`m d gmIa `m§M{ EH$mda EH$ Ag{ Wa X{D$Z oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m H$mM{À`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z ]mQ>ë`m CÝhmV R>{dmì`mV. Xa Xm{Z AmR>dS>çm§Zr h{ o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>dimd{ åhUO{ V{ `m{½` _wab{ OmB©b. Aem Vèh{Z{ XrS> V{ Xm{Z _ohÝ`m§V CÎm_ àH$maMm JwbH§$X V`ma hm{Vm{.

2) O°_ • `mgmR>r bmb a§JmMr gwdmogH$ \w$b{ oZdSy>Z Ë`m§À`m [mH$ù`m d{Jù`m H$ê$Z ñdÀN> [mÊ`mZ{ YwD$Z ¿`mì`mV. gmYmaU[U{ EH$ oH$bm{ [mH$ù`m§gmR>r XrS> obQ>a [mUr KmbyZ V{ o_lU EH$m [mV{ë`mV AYm© Vmg CH$iV R>{dmd{. \w$bm§À`m [mH$ù`m§Mm a§J [yU©[U{ CVaë`mZ§Va d [mH$ù`m§Mm _D$ bJXm V`ma Pmë`mZ§Va h{ o_lU _b_bÀ`m H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ¿`md{ d V{ Ja_ amhrb Ag{ R>{dmd{. Mma oH$bm{ gmIa JmiyZ K{Vb{ë`m o_lUmV Q>mHy$Z o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ ¿`md{ d V{ o_lU oeOdyZ ¿`md{. [mH$ Jm{irV hm{D$ bmJë`mda Ë`mV H$m{_Q> bJXm Q>mHy$Z o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>dimd{. [wÝhm h{ gd© o_lU 69 oS>J«r o]«·g Q>rEgEg `{B©[`ªV oeOdmd{. Aem Vèh{Z{ V`ma Pmb{bm O°_ oZOªVwH$ H{$b{ë`m H$mM{À`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z R>{dmdm.

3) O{br • o[H$b{ë`m H$dR>mMm Ja K{D$Z Ë`mÀ`m dOZmEdT>çm bmb qH$dm Jwbm]r a§JmÀ`m [mH$ù`m K{D$Z Ë`m EH$Ì H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m dOZmÀ`m Xwß[Q> [mUr KmbyZ h{ o_lU AYm© Vmg CH$imd{. CH$ië`mZ§Va h{ o_lU _b_bÀ`m ñdÀN> H$[S>çmVyZ JmiyZ ¿`md{. `m JmiyZ K{Vb{ë`m o_lUmÀ`m dOZmEdT>r gmIa KmbyZ o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ h{ o_lU oeOodÊ`mg R>{dmd{. o_lUmMm Q>rEgEg 69 oS>J«r o]«·gÀ`m da J{ë`mda d O{brgmR>r [arjU H$ê$Z Imbr CVamd{. h{ o_lU W§S> Pmë`mda Ë`mÀ`m dS>çm H$aVm `{VmV.

4) [{` • Jwbm]mÀ`m dmib{ë`m [mH$ù`m§Zm [§Iwar Ag{ åhUVmV. `m dmiodb{ë`m [mH$ù`m§Mr ]marH$ ^wH$Q>r H$ê$Z oVMm dm[a CÝhmù`mV W§S>Jma, éMH$a [{` V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H{$bm OmVm{.

5) am{P dmB©Z (Jwbm]mgd) • Jwbm]mÀ`m [mH$ù`m§[mgyZ Mm§Jb{ _Ú V`ma H$aVm `{V{. `mbm Jwbm]mgd Ag{ åhUVmV. [yU© dmT> Pmb{br a§JrV d gwdmogH$ \w$b{ oZdS>VmV. àW_ Jwbm]mÀ`m ñdÀN> [wgb{ë`m 500 J«°_ [mH$ù`m ¿`mì`mV. Ë`mV AmR> obQ>a [mUr Q>mHy$Z 20 o_oZQ>{ CH$iyZ ¿`md{. Z§Va Ë`m o_lUmV 500 J«°_ oeOb{bm ^mV Q>mH$mdm d o_lU Xhm o_oZQ>{ oeOdmd{. Ë`mZ§Va o_lU H$m[S>mVyZ JmiyZ ¿`md{ d Ë`mV 1.5 oH$bm{ gmIa Q>mH$mdr. o_lU Mm§Jb{ T>diyZ EH$Ord H$ê$Z qb]mEdT>çm AmH$mamM{ o`ñQ> Ë`mV o_gimd{. ^m§S>çmM{ PmH$U Z bmdVm V{ hd{era OmJr R>{dmd{. Am§]Ê`mMr oH«$`m hm{V AgVmZm dm`y V`ma hm{D$Z PmH$U CS>Ê`mMr e·`Vm AgV{. `m o_lUmV [mM V{ ghm oXdgm§V ]wS>]wS>{ `{D$ bmJVmV. Xm{Z _ohÝ`m§À`m H$mbmdYrV Ë`mVyZ ]wS>]wS>{ `{Ê`mM{ Wm§]V{. ]wS>]wS>{ `{Ê`mM{ ]§X Pmb{, H$s o_lU JmiyZ ¿`md{ d V{ ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z ]mQ>ë`m grb]§X H$ê$Z R>{dmì`mV.

]) BVa [XmW© •
1) AÎma • Jwb]mÀ`m \$ma Wm{S>çm OmVt[mgyZ AÎma H$mT>b{ OmV{. àm_w»`mZ{ X_mñH$g, H$m{]r d am{Pm Aë]m BË`mXr OmVt[mgyZ AÎma H$mT>b{ OmV{. `mgmR>r àW_ D$Y©[mVZ [ÕVrMm dm[a H$ê$Z Jwbm][mUr o_iodVmV AmoU Ë`m[mgyZ AÎmamMr oZo_©Vr H{$br OmV{. gwadmVrg o_iodb{b{ Jwbm][mUr _mVrÀ`m AWdm YmVyÀ`m [gaQ> ^m§S>çmV K{D$Z amÌr W§S> hd{V PmHy$Z R>{dVmV. gH$mir `m Jwbm][mÊ`mÀ`m [¥ð>^mJmda Vw[mgmaIm [XmW© Va§JVmZm oXgVm{. hm [XmW© qe[ë`mÀ`m qH$dm o[gmÀ`m gmømZ{ hiwdma[U{ H$mTy>Z H$mM{À`m ]mQ>ë`m§V ^ê$Z R>{dVmV. Vm[_mZ dmT>V OmV{ VgVg{ ]mQ>brVrb Vw[mgmaIm [XmW© odViyZ Ë`mM{ ÐdmV ê$[m§Va hm{V{. `m a§JhrZ gwdmogH$ ÐdmbmM Jwbm] AÎma qH$dm Jwbm] V{b Ag{ åhUVmV. H$mbm§VamZ{ hm Ðdê$[ [XmW© _mVH$Q> Vm§]yg a§JmMm oXgVm{. gmYmaU[U{ EH$ oH$bm{ AÎma V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r gw_ma{ 415 Q>Z EdT>çm [mH$ù`m bmJVmV. Cƒ àVrÀ`m AÎmamÀ`m oZo_©VrgmR>r \w$bm§Mr H$mT>Ur gy`m}X`m[ydu H$amdr.

2) Jwbm][mUr • Am[ë`m X{emV am{Pm S>°_mg{Zm (X_mñH$g) AmoU am{Pm ES>dS>© `m àH$mamVrb ]mImZ, ]gam, M¡Vr `m \w$bm§À`m OmVtMr dm[a `mgmR>r àm_w»`mZ{ H{$bm OmVm{. `mgmR>r D$Üd©[mVZ `m [ÕVrMm Adb§] H{$bm OmVm{. gwadmVrg H$mM{À`m M§]yV XrS> obQ>a [mUr K{D$Z Ë`mV EH$mM OmVrÀ`m Jwbm]mÀ`m 15-20 \w$bm§À`m [mH$ù`m Q>mHy$Z [mUr CH$imd{. CH$iË`m [mÊ`mV [mH$ù`m a§JhrZ hm{VmV. [mÊ`mMr dm\$ [mH$ù`m§Mm gwdmg YmaU H$aV{ d hr dm\$ W§S> Pmë`mda oVM{ Jwbm] [mÊ`mV ê$[m§Va hm{V{. Vg{M `mgmR>r à{ea Hw$H$aMmX{Irb dm[a H{$bm OmVm{. à{ea Hw$H$a_Ü`{ XrS> obQ>a [mUr K{D$Z Ë`mV darbà_mU{M 15-20 \w$bm§À`m [mH$ù`m Q>mHy$Z à{ea Hw$H$abm à{ea Z ]godVm à{eaÀ`m OmJr ßb°pñQ>H$Mr Zir ]gdyZ oVM{ Xwga{ Q>m{H$ H$mM{À`m ]mQ>brV Yê$Z Zirda Am{b{ \$S>H{$ Jw§S>mimd{. `m_wi{ [mÊ`mMr dm\$ W§S> hm{D$Z ]mQ>brV W|]m W|]mZ{ [mUr [Sy> bmJV{. h{M Jwbm][mUr.

3) Jwbam{YZ h{Aa Am°B©b • hm [XmW© gwYmnaV EÝâbya{O [ÕVrZ{ V`ma H{$bm OmVm{. `m [ÕVr_Ü`{ Jwbm]mÀ`m [mH$ù`m AmoU g\{$X Vri `m§M{ Wa oXb{ OmVmV. Ë`m_wi{ oVim_Ü`{ Jwbm] [mH$ù`m§Vrb gw§JYr Ðì`{ em{fbr OmVmV. àË`{H$ oXder dm[ab{ë`m [mH$ù`m H$mTy>Z ZdrZ [mH$ù`m Q>mH$VmV. Jwbm]mÀ`m gwJ§oYV Ðì`mZ{ Vri g§[¥º$ hm{B©[`ªV hr H¥$Vr H$aVmV. Ë`mZ§Va gwJ§YmZ{ g§[¥º$ Pmb{ë`m oVim[mgyZ KmÊ`mÀ`m gmømZ{ V{b H$mT>VmV.

`m g§X^m©V AoYH$ _mohVrgmR>r àm. odîUy Ja§S>{ qH$dm S>m°. E_. Q>r. [mQ>rb, _hmË_m \w$b{ H¥$fr odÚm[rR>, amhþar (oO. ZJa) `m§À`mer g§[H©$ gmYmdm.

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.... OmJoVH$sH$aU d CXmarH$aUmÀ`m e{Vrda hm{Umè`m [naUm_m§odf`r d{Jd{Jir _V{ ì`º$ H{$br OmV Agbr, Var CÚ_erb e{VH$ar _V-_Vm§À`m Jb]ë`mH$S>{ Xwb©j H$ê$Z e{Vr AoYH$ oH$\$m`Vera H$er hm{B©b, `mgmR>r gVV à`ËZ H$arV AgVmV. O{D$a Hw§$^mar `{Wrb gw^mf a§JZmW AmìhmS> h{ Ë`m[¡H$sM EH$. IV, Hw$¸w$Q>[mbZ, _Ëñ`ì`dgm`, [mb{^mÁ`m, D$g AmXtMr EH$oÌV à`m{Jemim åhUO{ lr. AmìhmS> `m§M{ oZaoZami{ àH$ë[ hm{V.

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\$i]mJm`VrV AmìhmS> Hw$Qw>§]r` [ydu[mgyZ hm{V{. Mm{drg EH$a S>mqi], Xhm EH$a Ðmj]mJ, AmR> EH$a oM¸y$, Aer g§[Þ \$i]mJm`V Ë`m§À`mH$S>{ hm{Vr. ^mdm-^mdmV dmQ>Ê`m Pmë`m. gw_ma{ ghm h{·Q>a O_rZ dmQ>çmbm Ambr. Ë`mVrb oZå_r O_rZ ImaMm{[U. jma`wº$ O_rZ bmJdS>rImbr AmUVmZm Ë`m§Zr `m Oo_ZrVyZ Ma H$mT>b{. [mÊ`mMm oZMam H{$bm. Hw§$Qy>a [ÕVrZ{ [{aUr, Vg{M Yyi[{aUrda ^a oXbm. jma`wº$ Oo_Zr[¡H$s [mdU{Xm{Z EH$amV Vi{ H{$b{. gw_ma{ 75 \y$Q> Im{b odhra IUyZ Vi{ ^aÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H{$br. `m Vù`mV _Ëñ`[mbZ H{$b{. gaOm, H$m{i§]r AmXr OmVtM{ CË[mXZ K{Vb{. [ewImÚ, [|S>rMm ^wJm, _·`mMm ^wJm, ^wB©_wJmMm Mwam Ag{ ImÚ KmVb{. IM© dOm OmVm J{ë`m VrZ dfmªV Xadfu gamgar 37 hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ Ë`m§Zr K{Vb{. `m dfu Va Xhm Q>Z _mg{ oZKVrb, Agm A§XmO Amh{. OmJ{daM 30 é[`{ oH$bm{à_mU{ _mg{ odH«$s Pmbr Amh{. ZìdX hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ o_i{b, Aer Ë`m§Mr A[{jm Amh{. amIU d [mUr R>{dU{ EdT>rM H$ï>mMr ]m] Amh{. AS>rM oH$bm{Mm EH$ _mgm, Vg{M a§Jo]a§Jr _mem§Mr oZo_©Vr Ë`m§Zr H{$br Amh{. H$m{i§]r Va W{Q> _w§]B©bm gmS>{VrZe{ é[`{ oH$bm{à_mU{ odH$br.

lr. AmìhmS> `m§Mm OZmdam§Mm Jm{R>mhr [mhÊ`mgmaIm Amh{. EH$m JmB©[mgyZ am{O 16 obQ>a XyY Ë`m§Zr o_iodb{. gdm©oYH$ XyY CË[mXZmMm [wañH$ma Ë`m§Zm Jm{Xmdar XyY g§KmH$Sy>Z o_imbm. Xadfu IM© dOm H$aVm XwYm[mgyZ gamgar [Þmg hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ Ë`m§Zr o_iodb{. Hw$¸w$Q>[mbZhr Ë`m§Zr AË`mYwoZH$ V§Ì dm[ê$Z H{$b{ Amh{. XrS> hOma H$m|]S>çm§[mgyZ 1997-98 _Ü`{ EH$ bmI 82 hOma é[`{, 1998-99 _Ü`{ 80 hOma é[`{, Va 1999-2000 _Ü`{ Xm{Z bmI Vrg hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ Ë`m§Zr o_iodb{. e{ir[mbZhr V{ H$aVmV. gamgar Vrg hOma é[`m§M{ CË[Þ Ë`m§Zm o_imb{.

e{Vr d AÝ` [yaH$ ì`dgm`m§V oZ`m{OZ d XyaÑï>r dm[abr, Va Ë`mMm H$gm \$m`Xm hm{Vm{, h{ lr. AmìhmS> `m§À`m CXmhaUmVyZ ogÕ Pmb{ Amh{. Am§ã`mMr 50 PmS>{, oZboJar, Zmai AmXr PmS>{hr Ë`m§À`mH$S>{ Amh{V. Oo_ZrMm [m{V gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r ohadirÀ`m IVmMm, Vg{M H§$[m{ñQ> IVmMm dm[ahr V{ H$aVmV. Xadfu gw_ma{ e§^a Q>Z Jm§Sy>i IV d H§$[m{ñQ> IV{ V{ V`ma H$aVmV. ^wB©_yJ, gm{`m]rZ AmXtÀ`m o]`mÊ`m§M{ CË[mXZ Ë`m§À`m e{Vrda hm{V{. Ðmj{ H$mT>ë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m Vmam H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mE{dOr Ë`mMm dm[a Ë`m§Zr d{bOmVr` \$i^mÁ`m K{Ê`mgmR>r H{$bm. _mVr [arjU H$ê$ZM V{ o[H{$ K{VmV. Ë`m§À`m `m C[H«$_erbV{M{ MrO oOëhm [nafX{Z{ àJoVerb e{VH$ar [wañH$mamZ{ H{$b{ Amh{.

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